Morphologic Analysis of the Venom Gland of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in populations ofMato Grosso do Sul, BrazilABSTRACT -In Apis mellifera L. the venom gland (also called acid gland) is composed of secretory cells that surround a channel that opens into a reservoir devoid of musculature. This gland can present apical branching. In this study the frequency of branched venom glands in Africanized honeybee workers (A. mellifera) from eleven localities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul was recorded. The relations among the length of the main duct, the length of the duct from the reservoir to the beginning of branching, the length of the branched segment (when present) and the total length of the gland were also analyzed. The frequency of branched glands varied from 50% to 83% in the workers, indicating that this characteristic is primitive in those bees. The results of the Analysis of Discriminant Functions = 0.092; F (40, 55) = 3.43; P < 0.001), and permitted a differentiation of the populations studied. Using characteristics and the geographical distance between the localities evaluated (Mantel r = -0.006, P = 0.48). The high frequency of workers with large venom gland in all the apiaries considered makes viable the development of a selection program in order to obtain bees with longer venom glands, aimed at the commercial production of venom by the beekeepers of those localities of Mato Grosso do Sul.RESUMO -Em Apis mellifera L. a glândula de veneno (também conhecida como glândula ácida) é composta por células secretoras que circundam um canal que desemboca num reservatório sem musculatura. A glândula pode apresentar bifurcação apical. Neste trabalho foi registrada a freqüência de do Mato Grosso do Sul. As relações entre o comprimento do ducto principal, o comprimento deste canal de 50% a 83% nas operárias provenientes das diferentes localidades, indicando que essa característica é = 0,092; F (40,55) = 3,43; P < 0,001), permitindo assim uma diferenciação das populações que foram P = 0,48). A elevada freqüência de operárias com glândula de veneno grande em todos os apiários considerados torna viável o desenvolvimento de um programa de seleção massal dirigida, para a obtenção de abelhas com glândulas de veneno mais longas, visando à produção comercial de veneno pelos apicultores daquelas localidades de Mato Grosso do Sul.
Crosses between African and European honeybees in Brazil resulted in a highly defensive hybrid bee. The acid gland is important in the expression of this characteristic, being responsible for venom production. Morphological variations in this gland could influence the quantity of venom. Glandular morphology was analyzed, along with the quantity of venom produced and the bees' genetic characteristics. The gland and the venom reservoir were removed from workers. The gland was placed on a histological frame for measurement and the contents of the reservoir were weighed. The results were submitted to an analysis of regression and submitted to Test Z, to evaluate the differences between the averages. The phenotypes were evaluated according to the standard found in literature. Gland length varied from 7.42 mm to 20.33 mm, the quantity of venom from 0.19 mg to 0.34 mg, and as far as the genetic characteristics are concerned, 63.3% of the colonies had workers with large glands. In 53.3% of the colonies, 90% of individuals had simple glands, suggesting the evolutionary process leading to the loss of branching, since the presence of branching indicates primitiveness. The production of venom is associated with the length of the gland and branching does not influence the quantity of venom. There was no statistical difference between the size of the branched and simple glands or in the quantity of venom produced, therefore the large glands can favor commercial exploration of venom, producing larger quantities.
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