Patients with insulin dependent diabetes have specific abnormalities in both the first and the second-order component of the mfERG. These abnormalities reflect both vascular changes in the retina and, probably simultaneously, pathology in inner retinal function, also in the diabetics without clinically apparent retinopathy.

Though the central retinal thickness was reduced after three injections of ranibizumab and the subjects gained a mean of 11 ETDRS letters, there was no significant change in amplitude or implicit time in Mf-ERG. The shortened 30-Hz flicker implicit time might imply that ranibizumab has no negative impact on the entire peripheral cone function, but can improve it instead.

Our results indicate that the use of high-dose intravitreal VEGF inhibitors in the rabbit eye affects rod-mediated retinal function and PKC expression in rod bipolars cells for at least 9 weeks after drug administration. The three VEGF inhibitors influence the retina slightly differently. These results are important for the understanding of drug action and when devising therapeutical strategies in new areas such as retinopathy of prematurity where vitreous volume is significantly lower compared to the adult eye.

Purpose: To assess mean change in visual acuity (VA) overall and stratified by baseline VA after 1 and 2 years' treatment with aflibercept in a real-life setting. Methods: This was an observational cohort study using nationwide data from the Swedish Macula Register. Treatment-na€ ıve patient eyes with wet age-related macular degeneration and prescribed aflibercept from January 2013 to December 2014 were followed for 1 year (2478 eyes) or 2 years (831 eyes) to assess VA. Eyes were grouped by baseline VA. Results: Mean number of injections in patients treated according to label (72%) versus patients treated not according to label was 8.0 AE 1.5 versus 4.4 AE 0.8 (p < 0.0001) at 1 year, and 12.5 AE 3.2 versus 7.3 AE 1.9 (p < 0.0001) at 2 years. Among all eyes, mean VA increased from 61.3 AE 13.4 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters at baseline to 64.5 AE 15.6 at 1 year and 65.1 AE 15.1 letters at 2 years. At 2 years, eyes with good baseline vision (≥70 letters) lost a mean of 2.4 AE 11.3 to 72.3 letters, eyes with intermediate baseline VA (36-69 letters) gained 5.7 AE 14.1 to 62.7 letters, and eyes with poor baseline VA (≤35 letters) gained 13.2 AE 18.3 to 41.0 letters. Also at 2 years, 75% of treated eyes were stable or had improved VA. Among eyes with intermediate baseline VA, near vision was significantly better among those treated according to label versus not according to label at 3 (p = 0.019), 6 (p = 0.0002) and 12 months (p ≤ 0.0001). Conclusion: While gain in vision was especially pronounced in eyes with poor baseline VA, good baseline VA was important for best prognosis.

Diabetic eyes showed lower amplitude and longer implicit time in the nasal area than in the temporal, which might indicate that the nasal area is more vulnerable. These findings may be of importance for evaluation of diabetic maculopathy and outcome after laser treatment.