Most genetic diseases affect purebred animals and are inherited as recessive genes. Cranioschisis refers to dysraphism, which occurs in the midline of the skull due to failure to close the cranial symphysis, which can lead to herniation of the meninges filled with cerebrospinal fluid (meningocele), where there is usually a projection of the meningeal tissue. Diagnosis is performed based on clinical examination, characteristic anatomopathological data, and complementary imaging tests. The surgical approach for correction of cranioschisis is the only described as a therapeutic solution and is indicated in cases in which the cranial synthesis defect does not allow for brain protrusion and there is only the occurrence of meningocele, in addition to the absence of severe signs of neurological alteration. This paper reports a case of the use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plaque to treat cranioschisis associated with meningocele in a Girolando heifer. The surgical opening of the frontonasal sacculation allowed draining a total liquid content of 488 mL, inspection, and suture of the envelope membrane. APMMA plaque, molded to the bone surface and anchored in the adjacent soft tissue, was used to cover the evidenced frontonasal bone opening. Despite the unfavorable prognosis of the disease, the cranioplasty surgery for the treatment of cranioschisis associated with meningocele using PMMA plaque obtained satisfactory results relative to the quality and maintenance of this animal’s life, evaluated at 19 months postoperatively.
Resumo A maioria das doenças genéticas acometem animais de raça pura e herdados como genes recessivos.Acraniosquise refere-se à disrafia, que acontece na linha média do crânio pelo não fechamento da sínfise craniana, podendo levar a herniação das meninges repletas de líquido cefalorraquidiano (meningocele), onde geralmente existe projeção do tecido meningeal. O diagnóstico é realizado a partir do exame clínico, dados anatomopatológicos característicos e através da realização de exames complementares de imagem. Como solução terapêutica, a abordagem cirúrgica para correção das craniosquises é a única descrita, e é indicada em casos em que o defeito de síntese craniana não permita a protrusão encefálica e exista a ocorrência apenas da meningocele, além da inexistência de sinais graves de alteração neurológica. O artigo relata um caso de uso de placa de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) no tratamento de craniosquise associada à meningocele em uma bezerra Girolando. Instituiu-se a abertura cirúrgica da saculação fronto-nasal, permitindo a drenagem de conteúdo líquido total de 488 mL, inspeção e rafia de membrana envoltória. Para recobrimento da abertura óssea fronto-nasal evidenciada, utilizou-se uma placa de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), moldada à superfície óssea e ancorada em tecido mole adjacente. Concluiu-se que, apesar do prognóstico desfavorável da enfermidade, a cirurgia de cranioplastia para tratamento de craniosquise associada à meningocele, com a utilização de placa de PMMA, neste caso, obteve resultados satisfatórios em relação a qualidade e manutenção da vida deste animal, avaliando-se em 19 meses pós-operatório.
Chicken embryos (CE) are an experimental model used as an important life science research tool worldwide, and then, adequate anesthetic protocols must be adopted to avoid the unjustifiable suffering of animals. Thus, our objective was to evaluate different anesthetic protocols in CEs using an easy inoculation route, the shell membrane (SM). We adopted the heart rate by pulse and the CE movements as a parameter of pain by assessing the vase in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) through the shell by a sensor of a multiparametric monitor. CEs were distributed into the following groups: (i) association of ketamine (5 mg/CE), midazolam (0.05 mg/CE) and morphine (0.15 mg/CE); (ii) ketamine (5 mg/CE) and xylazine (0.125 mg/CE); (iii) xylazine (0.0125 mg/CE) and morphine (0.15 mg/CE). The stress method used to test the anesthetic potential of the drugs was high temperature stimulation, keeping the CEs 10 cm from the fire of a Bussen nozzle for 30 seconds. In this experimental model, associations between different drugs decreased the pulse and the movement, indicating possible sedation. After treatment, the CE's submitted to the stress method had the heart rate and movements kept low in the groups ketamine-midazolam-morphine and ketamine-xylazine, while the nondrug-treated group increased heart rate. In a group treated with xylazine-morphine, the heart rate did not decrease, but the movement decreased after the stimulus. As the best results were the combinations of ketamine-midazolam-morphine and ketamine-xylazine, we recommend these associations for use in embryos in the final third of embryonic development in experimental protocols and euthanasia.
Our goal was to evaluate different anaesthetic protocols in CEs using an easy inoculation route via a shell membrane (SM). For this, we adopted the heart rate by pulse and movement of the CE as a parameter of pain by assessing the vase in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) directly in the shell. CEs were distributed into the following groups: association of ketamine (5 mg/CE), midazolam (0.05 mg/CE), and morphine (0.15 mg/CE); ketamine (5 mg/CE) and xylazine (0.125 mg/CE); xylazine (0.0125 mg/CE) and morphine (0.15 mg/CE). In this experimental model, associations between different drugs decreased the pulse and the movement, indicating possible sedation. The best result was the association of ketamine (5 mg/CE), midazolam (0.05 mg/CE), and xylazine (0.125 mg/CE) or the association of ketamine (5 mg/CE) and xylazine (0.125 mg/CE). Therefore, we recommend these associations for use in embryos in the final third of embryonic development in experimental protocols and euthanasia.
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