Exercise provides a robust physiological stimulus that evokes cross-talk among multiple tissues that when repeated regularly (i.e., training) improves physiological capacity, benefits numerous organ systems, and decreases the risk for premature mortality. However, a gap remains in identifying the detailed molecular signals induced by exercise that benefits health and prevents disease. The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) was established to address this gap and generate a molecular map of exercise. Preclinical and clinical studies will examine the systemic effects of endurance and resistance exercise across a range of ages and fitness levels by molecular probing of multiple tissues before and after acute and chronic exercise. From this multi-omic and bioinformatic analysis, a molecular map of exercise will be established. Altogether, MoTrPAC will provide a public database that is expected to enhance our understanding of the health benefits of exercise and to provide insight into how physical activity mitigates disease.
This observation provides support for the theory that elevations in uric acid may lead to sarcopenia, although the proposed mechanism needs further experimental support.
A carbohydrate-restricted diet promoted more favorable changes in weight loss, fat loss, and markers of health in obese women who initiated an exercise program compared with a diet higher in carbohydrate. Additionally, obese women who initiated training and dieting with higher HOMA levels experienced greater reductions in blood glucose following an HP diet.
Background/Objectives
To examine the relationships of plasma and tissue markers of systemic and vascular inflammation to obesity and insulin resistance and determine the effects of aerobic exercise training+weight loss (AEX+WL) and weight loss (WL) on these biomarkers.
Design
Prospective controlled study.
Participants
Seventy-seven overweight and obese sedentary postmenopausal women.
Interventions
Six months, 3d/wk AEX+WL (n=37) or WL (n=40).
Measurements
Total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, abdominal computed tomography scans, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, adipose tissue biopsies (n=28), and blood for Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, and soluble forms of intracellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1) and vascular CAM-1 (sVCAM-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum amyloid A (SAA).
Results
Body weight, %fat, visceral fat, triglyceride levels and systolic blood pressure decreased comparably after WL and AEX+WL (P<0.05). VO2max increased 16% after AEX+WL (P<0.001). Insulin resistance decreased in both groups (P<0.01). Glucose utilization increased 10% (P< 0.05) after AEX+WL and 8% with WL (P=0.07). AEX+WL and WL decreased CRP by 29% and 21%, (P<0.05). SAA levels decreased two-fold more after AEX+WL (−19%, P<0.05) than with WL (−9%, P=0.08). Plasma sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels did not change; however, women with the greatest reduction in plasma sICAM-1 levels had the greatest reductions in fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance (P<0.05). Gluteal ICAM mRNA levels decreased 27% after AEX+WL (P<0.05) and did not change after WL.
Conclusion
Obesity and insulin resistance worsen markers of systemic and vascular inflammation. A reduction in plasma sICAM-1 is important to improve insulin sensitivity. CRP and SAA and tissue ICAM decrease with exercise and weight loss, suggesting that exercise training is a necessary component of lifestyle modification in obese postmenopausal women.
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