Analysis of physical and microbiological quality of quail meat samples was carried out during frozen storage (-18±2oC) of 90 days period. Slaughtering of six weeks old broiler quails was done hygienically. Quail meat samples were packed in low density polyethylene pouches taking best possible care to avoid contamination and stored at -18 ± 2°C for 90 days. These stored samples were evaluated for physical properties and microbiological quality after thawing at 4 ± 1oC for 12 h at an interval of 15, 30, 60 and 90 days. It was observed that drip loss increased, while the extract release volume (ERV) decreased with progression of the storage period. Similarly standard plate count, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and psychrophilic count decreased with advancement of frozen storage period. While all of the meat samples were found to be negative for Salmonella spp. It is concluded from the study that quail meat can be safely stored in frozen state for up to 3 months without any deterioration.
In the present study role of treated galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) synthesized from lactose (GOS) was assessed against development of colon cancer. Research was carried out in two phases, production of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide and assessment of their protective role against colon cancer. Greatest percentage of enzyme activity was observed at 6.5 pH and 37oC. Transgalactosylation process was accepted at 37°C by the using of enzymes with three different concentrations. Male Sprague Dawley rats going to treated galactooligosaccharides groups and inulin group had significantly lowest aberrant crypt foci (ACF) counts per colon in contrast to controlled animals (G1 and G5). The animals body mass belonging to galacto-oligosaccharides (Group G2, G3 and G4) increased suggestively higher as associated to control group (G1). Present results were found to be defensive in contradiction of colon cancer. Though more research is needed at DNA level to explore the mutations at gene levels.
The present study aims at the microbiological analysis of market oriented fresh and frozen fish. Displayed portions of raw fish and frozen carried bacteria that can cause foodborne diseases clearly indicates the risk posed by poor sanitation and unhygienic handling, storage and transportation conditions of fish sold in the markets. Research was designed to compare the presence of indigenous and nonindigenous foodborne bacterial pathogens in displayed, prepacked and packed portions of fish in different markets of Lahore, Pakistan. A total 40 samples of fish were purchased from Super Store (Hyper star), Local Market (local carry shop Mughalpura), Retail shop (Data Darbar), and Fresh water (River Ravi) in Lahore city and analyzed for their microbial quality. All the samples were positive for Total plate count, coliform count, Staphylococcal count, Vibrio count. Among 10 fresh water fish samples mean total Plate Count was 3.8 x 103 CFU/g (log 3.58 ± 0.03526 CFU/g). Among 10 super store fish samples mean total plate count was 4.9 x 104 CFU/g (log 4.05 ± 0.22815CFU/g). Among 10 retail store fish samples mean total plate count was 5.02 x 104 CFU/g (4.19 ± 0.0343 CFU/g) and among 10 local market fish samples mean total plate count was 5.14 x 104 CFU/g (4.212 ± 0.03793 CFU/g). In total, the plate counts range from minimum count log 3.16 to maximum count of 5.30 CFU/g. This study revealed that fish sold in Pakistan could be a source of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Improvements in handling and processing are needed to minimize the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria.
Different plants respond to photoperiod in diverse manners. There are three major types of the responses of photoperiodism in plants: short-day responses (SD), long-day responses (LD) and dayneutral responses (DN). The LD plants flower most rapidly under high intensity of light provided for a large period of time while the short day plants flower rapidly only if light is provided for a short period of time. The plants with day-neutral responses, does not depends on the conditions of photoperiod in order to flower. Every plant behaves according to the length of light on its own way. In this study the plants that were considered shows distinct responses. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), for example responded towards longday photoperiod. Synthetic hexaploids showed a slight photoperiodic response of Triricum turgidum rather than the accessions of Triticum tauschii. Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) showed a day neutral response but some modern tomatoes had mild short day response towards photoperiodism. The tuberization in potato (Solanum tuberosum) was favored by short day photoperiodic response as well as cool temperature.
With the progress of industries, environmental pollution with toxic heavy metals is spreading throughout the world. Technologies related to microbes may provide an alternative or addition to predictable method for the removal of these heavy metals. The present investigation deals with isolation anddescription of chromium resistant bacteria from tannery wastewater taken from industrial area of Lahore, Pakistan. Firstly the leather industry effluent was examined for the total bacterial count and the presence of lactose fermenter and non lactose fermenter species on nutrient agar and MacConkey agar. Nutrient agar showed different colonies which were than identified by gram staining and colonies on MacConkey agar were identified by their colors as pink colonies show lactose fermenting species and off white or transparent colonies show presence of non lactose fermenting species. Potential heavy metal tolerant Escherichia coli was isolated by using Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar medium supplemented with salts of chromium. The examination of morphological features of the obtained colonies authentically identified the isolate as Escherichia coli. The identified isolate was then exposed to different concentrations of chromium chloride to conclude the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) which was found out to be 160mg/mL.
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