Production of peptides with various effects from proteins of different sources continues to receive academic attention. Researchers of different disciplines are putting increasing efforts to produce bioactive and functional peptides from different sources such as plants, animals, and food industry by-products. The aim of this review is to introduce production methods of hydrolysates and peptides and provide a comprehensive overview of their bioactivity in terms of their effects on immune, cardiovascular, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. Moreover, functional and antioxidant properties of hydrolysates and isolated peptides are reviewed. Finally, industrial and commercial applications of bioactive peptides including their use in nutrition and production of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals are discussed.
The present study aimed to determine the effect of adding protein hydrolysates obtained after 30, 60, and 90 min enzymatic hydrolysis of fish roe on properties of silver carp sausages enriched with fish oil during storage at 4 °C for 30 days. Properties of the fortified sausages were determined by assessment of primary and secondary oxidation, fatty acid composition, microbial spoilage, texture, and organoleptic properties. The results indicated that the hydrolysates could retard oil oxidation and microbial spoilage and preserve n -3 fatty acids in fish sausages during the refrigerated storage. Also, they rendered firmer microstructure with smaller oil droplets to the sausages. Fish sausages fortified with the hydrolysates were lighter and exhibited better textural and sensory properties. It can be concluded that enzymatic hydrolysates from discarded fish roe can be added to fish sausages containing fish oil to retard oil oxidation and microbial spoilage and improve sausage properties.
Emulsions are implemented in the fabrication of a wide array of foods and therefore are of great importance in food science. However, the application of emulsions in food production is restricted by two main obstacles, that is, physical and oxidative stability. The former has been comprehensively reviewed somewhere else, but our literature review indicated that there is a prominent ground for reviewing the latter across all kinds of emulsions. Therefore, the present study was formulated in order to review oxidation and oxidative stability in emulsions. In doing so, different measures to render oxidative stability to emulsions are reviewed after introducing lipid oxidation reactions and methods to measure lipid oxidation. These strategies are scrutinized in four main categories, namely storage conditions, emulsifiers, optimization of production methods, and antioxidants. Afterward, oxidation in all types of emulsions, including conventional ones (oil-in-water and water-in-oil) and uncommon emulsions in food production (oil-in-oil), is reviewed. Furthermore, the oxidation and oxidative stability of multiple emulsions, nanoemulsions, and Pickering emulsions are taken into account. Finally, oxidative processes across different parent and food emulsions were explained taking a comparative approach.
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