Medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites are progressively used in the treatment of diseases as a complementary medicine. Inflammation is a pathologic condition that includes a wide range of diseases such as rheumatic and immune-mediated conditions, diabetes, cardiovascular accident, and etcetera. We introduce some herbs which their anti-inflammatory effects have been evaluated in clinical and experimental studies. Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Rosmarinus officinalis, Borago officinalis, evening primrose, and Devil's claw are some of the introduced medicinal herbs in this review. Since the treatment of inflammation is not a one-dimensional remedy, this review tries to reach a multidimensional therapeutic approach to inflammation with the help of herbal medicine and modification in lifestyle.
Background Radiculopathy due to lumbar or cervical disc disease is the most common chronic neuropathic pain in adults. The aim of present study was evaluation of low dose of sodium valproate on radicular pain and determining VPA pharmacokinetics. Materials and Methods In this double blind randomized placebo control clinical study, 80 patients with established lumbar or cervical radicular pain, have been randomly allocated into two study groups: 40 have received sodium valproate 200 mg/day and Celecoxib 100 mg/day and acetaminophen 500 mg PRN as rescue medication, and second group has received placebo, Celecoxib and acetaminophen. Quantitative assessment of pain was done by visual analogue scale (VAS) prior to perform the intervention and after ten days (treatment duration). Blood sample has been taken for determining mean through concentration after five half-lives. Evaluation of plasma concentration of VPA and that of efficacy on pain score relationship by comparing VAS before and after the therapy was done. Results Group A and B have demonstrated significant alleviation in mean VAS score; −21.97 ± 25.41, −14.39 ± 23.03 respectively (P < 0.001). The mean plasma concentration of VPA in group A was: 26.9 ±13.5 mg/L. Moreover, no significant correlation was seen between pain score with age, gender, and weight (p > 0.05). Conclusion Low dose of sodium valproate especially together with NSAIDs demonstrated good efficacy in lumbar and cervical radicular pain management.
Background and Objectives: Rotator cuff injuries are problems commonly encountered in athletic and non-athletic patients. Its definite diagnosis is also important. Accordingly, this study was performed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of ultra-sonography (US) compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in cases with suspicion of rotator cuff injuries. Methods and materials: In this prospective comparative study, 130 patients who had undergone shoulder arthroscopy and open rotator cuff repairing and confirm rotator cuff tears have been enrolled and evaluated with both ultrasonography and MRI methods. Results: The overall sensitivity (95% confidence interval[CI]) of US was 87.64% (78.55-93.37), the specificity (95%CI) was 89.02% (61.24-95.45). The overall sensitivity (95% confidence interval) of MRI was 91.31% (75.47-94.4) and the specificity (95%CI) of MRI was 83.02% (61.23-91.45). There was no statistical significance between sensitivity of two methods (p-value: 0.092). Conclusions: Totally, according to our findings and comparison with other similar studies, it could be concluded that ultrasonography has a good diagnostic modality in patients suspicious to rotator cuff tearing compared with MRI as a more diagnostic imaging test. Accordingly, its use is recommended in patients suspicious to have rotator cuff tearing.
Liposome, as a drug delivery vehicle, entraps drugs, releases them sustainably, and modifies release patterns. This entrapment has diminished exposure of the drug to the eye medium, which could minimize adverse effects. In this investigation, 18 formulations in 3 key categories (liposome, gel and lipogel) of cromolyn sodium (CS) were prepared and evaluated as a water‐soluble drug. Then, liposome formulations (L1‐L6) were developed using the thin‐film hydration method. The macroscopic and microscopic assessments comprised drug entrapment efficiency, release rate, release mechanism, liposome stability, and vesicle size were evaluated to evaluate liposomes and lipogel. The results revealed that applying cholesterol in formulations ranging from 33 % to 44 % w/w increased the liposome drug entrapment efficiency, stability, and release time. The optimum phosphatidylcholine (PC) ratio to cholesterol in the L4 formulation was 2 : 1, which prolonged drug release time by up to 5 hours. The carbomer® 934 containing lipogel (0.5 % w/v) showed the longest release time (9 hours) with a zero‐order release. CS release from HPMC (2 % w/v) lipogel was assumed to follow first‐order release kinetics. The prolongation of drug release time in a carboxymethylcellulose lipogels was shorter than carbomer® 934 (5 hours). Finally, a sustained release formulation of CS liposome was produced; it was developed as lipogels to enhance its release duration; finally, release kinetic were modified.
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