Postdisplacement social factors, including language ability, employment status and accommodation satisfaction, were important determinants of refugee emotional well-being. Changes in these social determinants have the potential to improve refugee mental health, making them legitimate, modifiable targets for important public health interventions. Accounting for this, further research into how to improve refugee well-being is crucial given the increase in refugee numbers around the developed world.

Background: Musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions are a major source of morbidity and disability. There is a lack of global comparable data on the burden of MSK conditions in children and young people. Our aim was to estimate the global prevalence of three MSK conditions-Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot), Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) and Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (JSLE). Methods: Using reported prevalence rates, age-stratified population data within the World Bank Data Bank in 2017 and United Nations country classification, we estimated the prevalence of these MSK conditions in < 5 year olds (clubfoot) and < 16 year olds (JIA and JSLE) across the world. Results: We estimated that in 2017, there were~675,061 < 5 year olds with clubfoot among 675,100,000 < 5 year olds,~2,069,246 < 16 year olds with JIA and~206,931 < 16 year olds with JSLE per 2,069,000,000 < 16 year olds, totalling~2,951,238 with one of these conditions. Disease prevalence was greatest in Asia (South Asia), followed by Africa, Americas, Europe and Oceania. Conclusions: An estimated 3 million children and young people globally are currently living with either clubfoot, JIA or JSLE; many in Asia and Africa. Further work is needed urgently to engage with global stakeholders to work together to improve access to effective care for the many who are affected and reduce the otherwise adverse lifelong impact on their health, quality of life and the impact on society.

Aim To test the prediction of communication disorder severity at 5 years of age from characteristics at 2 years for children with cerebral palsy (CP) whose communication is giving cause for concern. Method In this cohort study, 77 children (52 males; 25 females) with communication difficulties and CP were visited at home at 2 (mean 2y 4mo; SD 3mo) and 5 (mean 5y 5mo; SD 4mo) years of age. Information on the type and distribution of motor disorder, seizures, gross and fine motor function, hearing, and vision were collected from medical notes. Non‐verbal cognition, language comprehension, language expression, spoken vocabulary, and methods of communication were assessed directly at age 2 years. At 5 years, communication and speech function were rated using the Communication Function Classification System (CFCS), Functional Communication Classification System (FCCS), and Viking Speech Scale (VSS). Results In multivariable regression models, CP type, Gross Motor Function Classification System level, vision, the amount of speech understood by strangers, non‐verbal cognition, and number of consonants produced at age 2 years predicted the CFCS level at age 5 years (R2=0.54). CP type, Manual Ability Classification System level, amount of speech understood, vision, and number of consonants predicted the FCCS level (R2=0.49). CP type, amount of speech understood by strangers, and number of consonants predicted the VSS level (R2=0.50). Interpretation Characteristics at 2 years of age predict communication and speech performance at 5 years, and should inform referral to speech and language therapy.

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