The changes in regional facial skin blood flow and vascular conductance have been assessed for the first time with noninvasive two-dimensional laser speckle flowmetry during audiovisually elicited emotional challenges for 2 min (comedy, landscape, and horror movie) in 12 subjects. Limb skin blood flow and vascular conductance and systemic cardiovascular variables were simultaneously measured. The extents of pleasantness and consciousness for each emotional stimulus were estimated by the subjective rating from -5 (the most unpleasant; the most unconscious) to +5 (the most pleasant; the most conscious). Facial skin blood flow and vascular conductance, especially in the lips, decreased during viewing of comedy and horror movies, whereas they did not change during viewing of a landscape movie. The decreases in facial skin blood flow and vascular conductance were the greatest with the comedy movie. The changes in lip, cheek, and chin skin blood flow negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the subjective ratings of pleasantness and consciousness. The changes in lip skin vascular conductance negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the subjective rating of pleasantness, while the changes in infraorbital, subnasal, and chin skin vascular conductance negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the subjective rating of consciousness. However, none of the changes in limb skin blood flow and vascular conductance and systemic hemodynamics correlated with the subjective ratings. The mental arithmetic task did not alter facial and limb skin blood flows, although the task influenced systemic cardiovascular variables. These findings suggest that the more emotional status becomes pleasant or conscious, the more neurally mediated vasoconstriction may occur in facial skin blood vessels.
This paper investigates interactions between game theoretical strategies and social relationships in real-time decision-making and rewarding environments. We propose an experimental framework based on techniques of web-based multiplayer online games for this purpose. In our framework, multiple human players, represented as particles in a two-dimensional space of social interactions, can modify their positions and game strategies for the prisoner's dilemma in real time, and receive benefit or cost emerging from both game theoretical and social relationships with neighboring players. We report on experiments with human participants in different conditions of the payoff matrix, which reflects game structures, and the speed of each player, which reflects the ability to change her social relationship. We show that cooperative relationships emerge in real human groups regardless of experimental settings, and show their basic behavioral patterns. We further discuss relationships between behavioral characters of participants in the experiments and their psychological characters to see how their personalities can be reflected in their behavior in such a game theoretical framework, and show that a few psychological characters of participants might reflect their behavioral characters at least in part, but there were variations in these relationships between experimental groups.
Background Given Japan’s unique social background, it is critical to understand the current risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) to effectively manage the condition, especially among specific groups. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the current risk factors for blood loss during planned cesarean section (CS) in Japan.Methods This multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in two tertiary maternal-fetal medicine units in Fukushima, Japan and included 1,133 women who underwent planned CS between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2022. Risk factors for PPH (of > 1000 g, > 1500 g, and > 2000 g) were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis, considering variables such as maternal age, parity, assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancy, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), uterine myoma, placenta previa, gestational age at delivery, birth weight categories, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). Multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to predict PPH risk during planned CS.Results ART pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), placenta previa, and uterine myoma increased PPH risk at various levels. Maternal smoking increased the risk of > 2000 g PPH (adjusted odds ratio: 11.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.85–46.9). Multivariate linear analysis showed that advanced maternal age (B: 75 g; 95% CI: 21–128 g), ART pregnancy (B: 163 g; 95% CI: 50–275 g), pre-pregnancy BMI of 25.0 to < 30.0 kg/m2 (B: 94 g; 95% CI: 22–167 g), uterine myoma (B: 189 g; 95% CI: 89–288 g), placenta previa (B: 558 g; 95% CI: 453–662 g), and birth weight > 3,500 g (B: 173 g; 95% CI: 44–303 g).Conclusions Considering a patient’s social background may help predict bleeding in planned CSs and help improve patient safety.
The relationship between weight gain during pregnancy and the onset of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women with pre-pregnancy obesity remains unclear. We examined the effects of weight gain during pregnancy on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy among women with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m2. This multicenter retrospective cohort study included nullipara women who delivered at two units in Japan between 1 January 2013, and 31 December 2020. Singleton primipara (n = 3040) were categorized into two pre-pregnancy BMI groups: 25.0–<30.0, and ≥30.0 kg/m2. Using multiple logistic regression analyses (reported as adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval), gestational weight gain effects on overall hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational hypertension, and pre-eclampsia were determined. Gestational weight gain increased hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (1.09, 1.03–1.16, p < 0.05) and pre-eclampsia risk (1.10, 1.01–1.20, p < 0.05) among the BMI 25.0–<30.0 kg/m2 group and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy risk among the ≥30.0 kg/m2 group (1.07, 1.00–1.05, p < 0.05). Using receiver operating characteristic curve analyses, among the BMI 25.0–<30.0 kg/m2 group, for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (area under the curve [AUC], 0.63, p < 0.05) and pre-eclampsia (AUC, 0.62; p < 0.05), the weight gain cut-off was 10.5 and 10.6 kg, with sensitivity/specificity of 0.47/0.73 and 0.50/0.73, respectively. For the BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2 group (AUC, 0.63, p < 0.05), the cut-off was 3.5 kg (sensitivity/specificity, 0.75/0.49). The optimal gestational weight gain for reducing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy among women with a pre-pregnancy BMI > 25 kg/m2 may facilitate personalized pre-conception counseling among women with obesity.
While it is known that emotional arousal affects skin sympathetic nerve activity of a limb, an influence of emotional challenge on facial skin blood flow regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve was still unclear. We examined the facial skin blood flow response to audiovisually‐elicited emotion using two dimensional laser Doppler imaging. The facial skin blood flow, as well as forearm skin blood flow, heart rate (HR), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), was measured during 2 min of neutral (landscape) and positive (comedy) movies in nine subjects. The subjective extent of pleasantness or unpleasantness was estimated using rating scores from ‐5 (the most unpleasant) to 5 (the most pleasant). The average facial skin blood flow decreased (P<0.05) during comedy movie, while the facial skin blood flow did not change significantly during landscape movie. The decrease in facial skin blood flow during comedy movie was significantly correlated with the subjective rating of the pleasantness. The forearm skin blood flow, HR, and MAP did not change significantly during the two movies. These results suggest that the more emotion becomes positive, the more neurally‐mediated vasoconstriction occurs in facial skin blood vessels. Furthermore, facial skin blood flow rather than limb skin blood flow, HR, and MAP may help us to assess emotion quantitatively.
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