Prior research on the monetary costs of criminal careers has neglected to focus on homicide offenders and tended to minimize the public costs associated with crime. Drawing on expanded monetization estimates produced by Cohen and Piquero, this study assessed the monetary costs for five crimes (murder, rape, armed robbery, aggravated assault, and burglary) imposed by a sample of (n ¼ 654) convicted and incarcerated murderers. The average cost per murder exceeded $17.25 million and the average murderer in the current sample posed costs approaching $24 million. The most violent and prolific offenders singly produced costs greater than $150-160 million in terms of victim costs, criminal justice costs, lost offender productivity, and public willingness-to-pay costs.

Mobile phone use while driving (MPUWD) is an increasingly common form of distracted driving. Given its widespread prevalence, it is important for researchers to identify factors that may predict who is more likely to engage in this risky behavior. The current study investigates associations between MPUWD risk behaviors, domain-specific risk perceptions, and broad personality dimensions. An Italian community sample (n = 804) completed a survey regarding MPUWD risk perceptions and engagement in MPUWD, in addition to the HEXACO-PI-R, a broad six-factor personality inventory (honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience), and the DOSPERT, a six-factor domain-specific self-report risk-taking measure (health/safety, recreational, social, ethical, gambling, and investment). With respect to domain-specific risk taking, greater frequency of SMS use while driving most strongly was associated with greater risk taking for the health/safety, gambling, and ethical risk domains. Further, greater honesty-humility and conscientiousness, two traits related to cognitive control and risk behaviors, and to a lesser extent openness to experience, were associated with less frequent MPUWD, and positively associated with MPUWD risk perceptions. With growing public safety concern surrounding MPUWD, understanding associated personality factors is not only important for identifying psychological mechanisms underlying risk behavior, but also for more effective prevention and intervention programs.

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The practice of tattooing is something which has undergone a dramatic shift in recent years. Once something deemed worthy for only the lower-class echelons of society, tattooing is now practiced by those from a wide variety of classes, statuses, and demographic compositions. After providing a brief account of the historical and contemporary views associated with tattooing, this paper will discuss the ways in which tattooed individuals manage and negotiate their tattooed identity in relation to audience perceptions and expectations. It is argued that through utilizing various forms of identity work and impression management techniques, an individual's tattooed identity is activated or deactivated dependent upon the interaction process with others.

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The American criminal justice system has always placed an emphasis on apprehending and punishing criminals. However, an often overlooked and forgotten party that can play a pivotal role in the ' crime equation ' is the victim. This has changed in recent years with victimology successfully carving out its space within criminology as a thriving and vibrant theoretical and empirically driven subdiscipline. Within victimology, a particularly vexing issue is victimization that often occurs out of the public sphere -the victimization of women and girls. In their book The Victimization of Women: Law, Policies, and Politics Michelle L. Meloy and Susan L. Miller poignantly unravel the complexities that shape experiences of victimization suffered by women. In the opening pages, the authors clearly state that the goal of writing this book is ' … to present in a readable, coherent manner the major debates, controversies, quagmires, unintended consequences, and unanswered questions about victims, victims ' rights, and victim-centered policies ' (p. 4). The authors have accomplished these goals and then some. One of the greatest strengths of this book is that the authors have successfully paid attention to the details, yet managed to do so in such a way as to make the writing accessible to a broader audience. This book is not for a novice, but rather is catered to the college student or academic wishing to expand their knowledge on the topic of violence against women and girls.Meloy and Miller ' s book is divided into seven chapters with Chapters 1 through 4 focusing on macro-level factors, and Chapters 5 and 6 focused on micro-level factors that impact female victimization. Chapter 7 concludes with a discussion that recaps the important arguments raised in previous chapters, as well as suggestions for future research and policies related to violence against women and girls. Chapter 1 provides a typical introduction to the book with a brief overview of each of the chapters. The latter half of Chapter 1 provides a good overview of the parameters of the book and how the authors are operationalizing violence against women and girls. According to Meloy and Miller, they are focusing specifi cally on ' crimes of personal violence committed by (mostly) men against (mostly) women and girls, such as sexual assault and rape, battering and, to a lesser extent, stalking ' (p. 11). During the course of providing this explanation, the authors acknowledge that violence committed by women against men and violence in homosexual relationships does occur, but for the sake of drawing boundaries, they focus solely on female victims and male aggressors.Chapter 2 focuses of how society views and treats victims of crime, a process the authors refer to as the social construction of ' the victim ' (p. 22). The authors discuss two competing