With mounting evidence demonstrating the link between child emotion regulation (ER) and emotion socialization, we conducted a longitudinal study to understand (a) emotion‐specific trajectories of adolescent ER and (b) how specific parent and friend emotion socialization strategies impact ER over 4 years. Participants were 209 adolescents (52.5% girls; Mage = 12.66 years; 75.7% White) and their parents. Latent growth curve models identified unique trajectories for anger and sadness/worry regulation. Anger regulation increased across time, whereas sadness/worry regulation remained highly stable longitudinally, lacking variance for growth modeling. Friend emotion socialization emerged as a more salient predictor of anger regulation than parent emotion socialization. Friend reward, override, and punish responses predicted initial levels. Friend punish and parent magnify responses predicted the slope.
Guided by the Family Stress Model (FSM) for minority families, the present study examined culture-specific (i.e., stress responses to anti-immigration actions and news, home-school dissonance) and general (i.e., financial strain, social support) risk and promotive factors as longitudinal predictors of Latina mothers' depressive symptom trajectories. Participants included 271 Latina mothers of early adolescents living in a new immigrant area in the southeast part of the United States, followed prospectively across four time points spanning 2 years. Mothers reported on their depressive symptoms at all four time points; risk and promotive factors were measured at Time 1 (T1). Latent class growth curve models identified three classes of mothers based on their depressive symptom trajectories. Roughly half of mothers reported low and decreasing symptoms, a third indicated moderate and increasing symptoms, and 10% displayed high and increasing symptoms. As expected, higher levels of stress responses to anti-immigration actions and news, home-school dissonance, and financial strain predicted membership in increasing symptom classes, whereas higher social support predicted membership in the decreasing symptom class. By adapting prevention and intervention efforts to the unique cultural and social contexts experienced by Latina mothers in new immigrant areas, practitioners may be better able to protect this segment of the population from experiencing depressive symptoms.
Family, peers, and academics are three central sources of stress for Chinese adolescents, which have potential negative implications for youth’s adjustment. This study investigated how within-person fluctuations in daily domains of stress (i.e., family, peer, and academic) and between-person differences in average stress levels were associated with four Chinese adolescent adjustment indicators (i.e., positive and negative emotions, sleep quality, and subjective vitality). Participants included 315 Chinese adolescents (48.3% girls; Mage = 13.05 years, SD = 0.77 years) who completed a 10-day diary on each domain of stress and indicators of adjustment. Multilevel models revealed that peer stress had the most detrimental association with Chinese adolescents’ adjustment at both within-person (i.e., higher same-day and next-day negative emotions) and between-person (i.e., higher negative emotions, worse sleep quality, and lower subjective vitality) levels. Academic stress was only significant at the between-person level, corresponding to worse sleep quality and increased levels of negative emotions. Family stress exhibited mixed associations and was positively associated with positive and negative emotions and subjective vitality. These findings underscore the need to examine the impact of multiple domains of stress on Chinese adolescent adjustment. Further, identification and intervention for adolescents with elevated peer stress may be particularly helpful for increasing healthy adjustment.
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