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Lithium-ion battery is an appropriate choice for electric vehicle (EV) due to its promising features of high voltage, high energy density, low self-discharge and long lifecycles. The successful operation of EV is highly dependent on the operation of battery management system (BMS). State of charge (SOC) is one of the vital paraments of BMS which signifies the amount of charge left in a battery. A good estimation of SOC leads to long battery life and prevention of catastrophe from battery failure. Besides, an accurate and robust SOC estimation has great significance towards an efficient EV operation. However, SOC estimation is a complex process due to its dependency on various factors such as battery age, ambient temperature, and many unknown factors. This review presents the recent SOC estimation methods highlighting the modelbased and data-driven approaches. Model-based methods attempt to model the battery behavior incorporating various factors into complex mathematical equations in order to accurately estimate the SOC while the datadriven methods adopt an approach of learning the battery's behavior by running complex algorithms with a large amount of measured battery data. The classifications of model-based and data-driven based SOC estimation are explained in terms of estimation model/algorithm, benefits, drawbacks, and estimation error. In addition, the review highlights many factors and challenges and delivers potential recommendations for the development of SOC estimation methods in EV applications. All the highlighted insights of this review will hopefully lead to increased efforts toward the enhancement of SOC estimation method of lithium-ion battery for the future high-tech EV applications. INDEX TERMS State of charge, lithium-ion battery, electric vehicle, model-based approaches, data-driven approaches.

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Solid-state transformer (SST) is an emerging technology integrating with a transformer power electronics converters and control circuitry. This paper comprehensively reviews the SST topologies suitable for different voltage levels and with varied stages, their control operation, and different trends in applications. The paper discusses various SST configurations with their design and characteristics to convert the input to output under unipolar and bipolar operation. A comparison between the topologies, control operation and applications are included. Different control models and schemes are explained. Potential benefits of SST in many applications in terms of controllability and the synergy of AC and DC systems are highlighted to appreciate the importance of SST technologies. This review highlights many factors including existing issues and challenges and provides recommendations for the improvement of future SST configuration and development.

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