The role of the parent in the family is to prepare children for adulthood through setting rules and disciplining, thereby playing a vital role in the socialization of children and adolescents. It is a role that cannot be abdicated to the school or other institutions. As children mature into adulthood, whatever the parents have impacted on them is reflected in their lives and may be more profound than any other influence.Parenting involves bringing up and looking after children, which may be done by either the biological or surrogate parents. It plays major roles in the overall development of a child and includes the social, educational and other adaptive behaviours that prepare the child for future life. Different parents carry out this function differently, owing to their diverse personalities and exposure, giving rise to different parenting styles and influences on the children they bring up.A parenting style is the environment in which families operate and where child-upbringing behaviour of parents or other key caretakers manifest. Kelland (2007) observes that where a model parenting style is used in the home the children are disciplined, but where it is lacking cases of indiscipline often arise.Deviant behaviour is defined as a violation of social values, community norms and a society's rules (Nyamoko&Ongole, 2014). Deviance in schools takes the form of truancy, habitual lateness, drug and alcohol abuse, smoking, inappropriate cross-gender relationships, skipping class, riots, vandalizing school properties, fighting, disrespect for authority, negative attitude and arrogance, and resistance to change (Nabiswa, Misigo&Makhanu, 2016). There is a tendency for deviant individuals to indulge in different forms of anti-social behaviour Unchecked, deviance at school can be contagious and reach dangerous levels. The cultural transmission theory argues that like other behaviours, deviance is learnt. The Differential-Association theory holds that deviance can be learnt in the same way that conformity is, through interaction with deviant individuals. It therefore calls for deliberate efforts to tackle deviance when it manifests.Cases of deviant behaviour leading to tragedy have been recorded in several countries. In Minnesota, United States, on the morning of March 21 st 20005, a sixteen year-old killed nine people in a shooting spree, seven of whom were fellow students at the Red Lake Senior High School. In Kenya 67 students died at the Kyanguli High School on 24 th March 2001 following arson by fellow students (Malayi, 2013). Loeber, Farrington andPetechuk (2008), in a study in the United States, observed that delinquent children increased by a third between 1990 and 2000.The current study focused on deviant behaviour among secondary school students in Kandara Sub-county, Murang'a County, Kenya, which has been on an upswing.
According to Gromet and Pronin (2009), individuals may be reluctant to disclose their concerns, anxieties, and doubts despite the drawbacks of self-concealment because they do not predict the responses of other people accurately. In short, they assume they will be perceived unfavourably. They are, however, not perceived as unfavourably as they anticipate. They sometimes do not realize they will be perceived favourably as a consequence of their apparent honesty. Gromet and Pronin (2009) conducted a study where participants, all of whom were university students, were exposed to either a list of 40 statements about their potential anxieties or insecurities, such as "I can be extremely impulsive..." or a list of 40 statements that were not as aversive, such as "I am pretty secure in who I am". They chose five statements they felt applied to their lives, and imagined revealing these statements to another student. Finally, they rated the extent to which they would be liked or disliked by the other student. Another set of participants imagined that another student had revealed these five statements. They evaluated the degree to which they might like this person. Generally, participants assumed they would be liked less if they revealed negative information, anxieties and concerns rather than positive information. The results of this study showed that participants actually preferred students who revealed negative information. Individuals who reveal information are more likely to be liked (Kleinke & Kahn, 1980) unless all of their comments are self-incriminating (Robinson, Johnson, & Shields, 1995). These findings indicate that students who reveal negative information are perceived as more honest, which in turn shapes the overall perceptions of liking. Determinants of self-concealment are varied. However, the most prevalent factors that determine selfconcealment include relational mobility, cues that relate to privacy, the wellbeing in other people, age, sex, marital status, religion and identity crisis (Schug, Yuki, & Maddux, 2010). According to Schug, Yuki, and Maddux (2010), relational mobility is when some individuals feel they can readily form new friendship and terminate older friendships. This relational mobility tends to lower self-concealment. Self-concealment elicits both benefits and drawbacks in an individual. It can strengthen relationships by building closeness and trust. On the other hand, after individuals reveal personal information, they might be rejected. The benefits of low self-concealment are more important than are the drawbacks. Because relationships can be readily terminated, the capacity to strengthen these bonds is valued. Since relationships can be readily formed, rejection is not especially distressing. However, relationships are seldom terminated and can as a result cause upset if one is rejected. According to John, Acquisti, and Loewenstein (2010), cues that underscore the importance of privacy tend to increase self-concealment. Cues like promises of confidentiality can actually increase self...
This aimed at exploring the association between emotions and General Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The study was carried out among insurance expatriates in Juba, South Sudan between September 2020 and July 2021. A sample size of 66 insurance expatriates participated in the study. The findings indicated that there was a significant effect of emotions on general anxiety disorder at the p<.05 [F(1, 55) = 8.543, p = 0.005]. This demonstrates that emotions determine general anxiety disorder such that the higher the emotions, the higher the general anxiety disorder. Implications of these findings for clinical practice is discussed.
The prevalence of spousal homicides arising from domestic violence is a devastating public health problem affecting today’s families. With an alarming trend of spousal homicides being experienced in Ndhiwa Sub-County in Homa Bay County today, little seems to have been done to bring to light the core factors associated with this problem. The objective of the study was to determine the extent to which emotional dependency predisposes couples to spousal homicide in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Quantitative method and phenomenological research design were applied. Target population encompassed 17,151 married men and 19,205 women, 29 local administrators and 10 religious leaders from the main denominations in the Sub-County. Slovin’s formula was used to obtain a sample of 396 respondents. Stratified random sampling was applied to select 174 male and 198 female spouses, while simple random was utilized to proportionately select 18 local administrators, and 6 religious leaders from the Sub-County’s six administrative zones. Quantitative data was obtained from married men and women through Partner’s Emotional Dependency Scale (SED). Interview guides were used to obtain qualitative data from local administrators and religious leaders. Piloting was carried out in Nyakach Koguta location in the neighboring Kisumu County, involving 40 participants, comprising of 12 men, 22 women, 5 community leaders and 1 religious leader. Analysis for quantitative data was done in descriptive statistics and reported in tables and figures. Hypotheses testing was performed in inferential statistics through simple regression coefficient, using t-test on SPSS version 26. Qualitative data was analyzed in thematic analysis and presented in narrative forms. From the results, a statistically significant relationship was established between emotional dependency and spousal homicide. The study recommended that government agencies needed to develop policies and frameworks aimed at improving mental health of families. There was need for regular workshops and seminars aimed at supporting couples deal with fears related to their dependency and strengthen their sense of identity. Further investigations may be done using different instruments. Further investigation may be required with additional information being obtained from other close family members as key informants.
This study examined the effects of extroversion traits on domestic abuse. This study examined extroversion traits among prison inmates in Kiambu County, Kenya. A sample size of 370 representing a target population of 10,334 inmates with a margin of error of 0.05 was selected. The study found that 66.2% of inmates who participated in the study with extroversion personality had a more solidary, quiet, and reserved trait while 33.5% had an outgoing, friendly, and energetic, trait. Respondents who were more solidary, quiet and reserved, 27.5% strongly agreed that they had experienced domestic abuse, 44.5% agreed, 9.0% strongly disagreed, 13.7% disagreed, while 5.2% were not sure. Regarding respondents who were outgoing, friendly, and energetic, 30.8% strongly agreed they had experienced domestic abuse, 51.4% agreed, 10.3% strongly disagreed, 4.7% disagreed, while 2.8% were not sure. There is a weak negative correlation (0.119) between extroversion personality type and domestic abuse. However, the negative correlation (-0.105) between extroversion and type of domestic abuse perpetrated was weak at a significance of 0.066. In addition, there was a positive correlation (0.203) between extroversion personality type and type of physical assault perpetrated. Also, the study found a negative correlation (0.144) between extroversion and physical assault trends of whether the physical assaults increased, stayed the same or decreased before imprisonment.
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