Deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide two synthetic pyrethroids, when used in a combination it produces synergistic effect. This two insecticide has found to be widely used in the management of mosquito, housefly and other insects to control the various vector born diseases. In this review we assessed the toxic effect of deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide on beneficial organisms commonly available in the ecosystem. It was found to be toxic to fish, honey bees the prime pollinators of crop plant; earthworm is also susceptible at a lethal concentration for a particular exposure. As far the birds are concerned, they have a less toxic risk in lower concentration of exposure. The alterations obtained in the hematological, biochemical and histopathological studies, further conclude that it can cause environment hazards and toxic to the non-targeted organisms. This investigation gives an insight into the combined toxicological profile of deltamethrin and PBO for better risk assessment and safe use of pyrethroids and their synergist in non-targeted organisms.
Most of the synthetic drugs used at present as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents cause many side effects and toxic effects. Many medicines of plant origin with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity have been used since long time without adverse effects. The purpose of the study was to explore the anti-pyretic and anti-oxidant activity of fruits of Garcinia pedunculata. The fruit of G. pedunculata was collected from Shillong, Meghalaya and extraction is done by using methanol as a solvent. The methanol extract shows the presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, alkaloids, phenol and flavonoids. Acute anti-pyretic activity for the extract was investigated in pyrexia rat. Temperature level was determined after 1hours, 4 hours, 8 hours and 12 hours after giving the extract dose of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight, and it was found to produce a significant reduce in fever. DPPH radical scavenging activity (In-vitro anti-oxidant activity of G. pedunculata) of methanolic extract shows 38.31 as IC50 (µg/ml) whereas Ascorbic acid as standard in the same concentration shows 34.81 IC50 (µg/ml). The obtained result justified the traditional use of G. pedunculata as anti-pyretic and antioxidant purpose.
Clitoria ternatea L. of the family Fabaceae is an economical, ornamental as well as medicinal important species. Chromosome characterization of C. ternatea, encompassing karyomorphological as well as fluorochrome binding was carried out in the present investigation. Karyomorphological studies showed the presence of 2n = 16 somatic chromosome number with three pairs of metacentric chromosomes and five pairs of submedian chromosomes. The analysis also revealed the present of one pair of nucleolar organizing region or satellite. Fluorochrome binding using chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) showed the presence of GC- and AT- rich heterochromatic region. Further analysis revealed the percentage of GC-rich was comparatively higher than AT-rich heterochromatic region. This is the first report on heterochromatin characterization in C. ternatea.
This investigation is based on a very remarkable and interesting orchid of the genus Dendrobium widely available in Meghalaya (India) and it is the world second largest orchid genus. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-pyretic activity of leaf of Dendrobium chrysanthum. As the plants believed traditionally to have some anti-inflammatory activity used by the rural people of Meghalaya, use of medicinal plants and plants extract for the health procurement has always remain a common choice for the North- eastern people of India since ancient time. The leaf of Dendrobium c. was collected from Shillong, Meghalaya and extraction is done by using methanol as a solvent. The methanol extract found to have the constituents such as carbohydrate, glycoside, alkaloids, phenol and flavonoids. Acute anti-pyretic activity for the extract was investigated in pyrexia rat. Temperature level was determined after 1hours, 2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours after giving the extract dose of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight, and it was found to show potent anti-pyretic activity by reducing the temperature in rat. In-vitro anti-oxidant activity was studied by DPPH radical scavenging method of methanolic extract which shows 36.20 as IC50 (µg/ml) whereas the standard Ascorbic acid in the same concentration shows 32.81 IC50 (µg/ml). The obtained result justified the traditional use of Dendrobium c. as anti-pyretic and antioxidant purpose.
Antibiotics are the class of drugs used for bacterial, viral & fungal infection. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of microorganism to withstand themselves against the effects of a drug. Every year antibiotic resistance causes more than 38000 deaths in Thailand, 23000 deaths in USA. In South Asia one new born child dies every 5 minutes from blood stream infection because antibiotics given are ineffective due to bacterial resistance. Now antibiotic resistance is a threat to global health. In this paper, triazene derivatives are kept in concern. Triazines are six-membered, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffold with a wide range of pharmaceutical properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidants, antitubercular, antimalarial and anti-inflammatory. Due to lack of new antibiotics as well older antibiotic are rapidly proving ineffective, derivatives of triazine would be of great significance in future prospective.
Wound healing is a vital physiological process that helps to retain the integrity of the skin after it has been damaged, whether by accident or by a deliberate operation. In Tinsukia district, Assam, tribal people and folklore traditions employ a wide variety of plants/plant extracts/decoctions or pastes to cure wounds. This study is designed to explore the ethnomedicinal plants used for the wound healing properties by the people of Tinsukia district, Assam. The Documentation of potential ethnobotanical information of traditionally used medicinal plant with wound healing activity will facilitates the scientific evaluation to look forward into a leading scientific prospect for the development of new herbal therapy for wound healing.
The increase in population is becoming a comprehensive problem, causing much pressure on economic, social and natural assets. Oral contraceptive agents have improved the rate of infertility but their unusual side effects limit the use. Current antifertility therapy lacks satisfactory success due to this adverse effect; hence, patients are seeking complementary and alternative medicine for anti-fertility action. Ayurveda and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in various human ailments. India has about more than 45000 plant species and among them several thousand are claimed to possess medicinal properties. Researchers conducted in the last few decades on the plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for anti-fertility action. This review reveals that some plants and their part used having anti-fertility action, which are helpful for researcher to develop new herbal anti-fertility formulations. In the recent years, interest in drugs of plant origin has been progressively increased. The aim of this review is to highlight the work on anti-fertility of plant origin. For women who can't use modern forms of contraception due to adverse effect or other reasons, therefore herbs can offer alternatives and reducing fertility would be better than other contraceptives. This article may help investigators to identify medicinal plants responsible for anti-fertility activity.
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