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M eat and meat products are an excellent source of essential nutrients with high-quality proteins, fat and mineral. There are a wide variety of meat products including cured meats, patties, nuggets, meatballs and etc. (Aminzare et al., 2016). Lipid oxidation is a major cause of deterioration in meat and meat products due to their high fat content and low water activity leading to loss of nutritional value, unpleasant flavor and texture, and water holding capacity (García-Lomillo et al., 2017; Ding et al., 2015). Cooking of meat involves the formation of hydro-peroxides that can be easily broken down to various volatile organic compounds such as alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters and acids that are responsible for reducing the sensorial quality and leading to oxidative flavors, loss of pigments and vitamins in meat and meat products (García-Lomillo et al., 2017). Heating process disrupt the muscle cell structure, deactivates anti-oxidative enzymes and produces catalytic iron from myoglobin leading to an intense pro-oxidant environment in which both lipids and proteins can be affected. Grinding can destruct muscle cell membranes so the reaction between unsaturated lipids with pro-oxidant substances such as non-heme iron increases lipid oxidation (Gallego et al., 2015). Furthermore, heme pigments (myoglobin and hemoglobin) are also oxidized in a coupled lipid-pigment reaction, which causes a color change. Antioxidants can be added to meat and meat products during processing to delay lipid oxidation. Plant polyphenols and essential oils (EOs) are considered as major natural source of bioactive compounds to increase the shelf life of meat and meat review Article Abstract | Lipid oxidation is one of the most important problems that decrease the shelf life of meat and meat products. Antioxidants are used to reinstate free radicals thereby retarding lipid oxidation, delay development of unpleasant-flavors, and improve color stability.Application of synthetic antioxidants to mitigate oxidative damage may consider unsafe for consumers. Furthermore, the recent growing in the understanding of the consumers about these hazards resulted in the replacement ofsynthetic antioxidants with natural bioactive compounds. Plant materials are rich sources of bioactive phenolic compounds; hence they can be an effective alternative to synthetic antioxidants. This review presents an overview regarding the new advances in the application of natural antioxidant compounds such as herbs, spices, fruits, plant essential oils and extracts in meat and meat products to improvetheir quality and shelf-life.

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This study investigated the effects of different prebiotics, including galactooligosaccharide (GOS), fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and inulin (INL), on skin mucosal immune parameters, humoral immune responses as well as performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Two hundred and forty specimens (13.85 ± 0.85 g) were stocked in 12 fibreglass tanks assigned into three treatments and a control group. The experimental diets were formulated to have equal level (2%) of the prebiotics. At the end of the feeding trial, the highest skin mucus lysozyme activities and total immunoglobulin (total Ig) were observed in GOS‐fed group (P < 0.05). However, skin mucus protease activity showed no significant difference among different dietary groups (P < 0.05). Blood respiratory burst activity was significantly increased in all prebiotic‐fed fish compared to the control group (P < 0.05); the highest activity was observed in GOS treatment. Furthermore, evaluation of humoral immune response revealed that feeding with GOS‐supplemented diet significantly increased lysozyme and alternative complement (ACH50) activity as well as total Ig compared to the control and other prebiotic groups. While no significant difference was observed between FOS and INL groups, common carps fed GOS‐supplemented displayed improved (P < 0.05) growth performance, including final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), compared to the control treatment. These results revealed that different prebiotics modulate carp growth and immune response in different manner, and GOS seems to be the most suitable prebiotic.

The present study was conducted to extend the shelf life of Lyoner‐type sausages during 40 days of storage at 4 °C with individual and combinational use of natural preservatives including cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and grape seed extract (GSE). The samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties (pH, aw, and color changes), lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]), microbial quality (Lactic acid bacteria count, total viable count, psychrotrophic count, mold and yeast count, and fate of inoculated Clostridium perfringens), and sensorial characteristics (taste, odor, color, texture, and overall acceptability) at 10‐day intervals. Results indicated that using GSE and CEO had higher ΔE (.55–1.56), a* (13.03–13.91), and lower L* (65.10–66.82), b* (15.40–16.65), whiteness index (59.45–60.60), TBARS values (2.91–3.28), and microbial counts than control at the end of storage time. Samples containing CEO .04%+ GSE .16% showed the best antimicrobial activity against C. perfringens (reduction of 1.72 log10 CFU/g at the end of storage time). Results also indicated that CEO addition and GSE addition improved odor and color scores of the samples, respectively. Therefore, use of CEO and GSE, especially in combination, is recommended to be applied in meat products.Practical applicationsNowadays, because of the adverse effects of chemical preservatives, application of multipurpose natural preservatives in small quantities is a more preferred approach. Therefore, to increase the shelf‐life and quality characteristics of meat products, new ingredient systems that are associated with natural and organic foods, are applied. The results of the present study showed the synergistic effects of combined use of CEO and GSE in maintaining the quality of fresh meat products as well as preventing their undesirable impacts on sensory attributes and physicochemical properties. Thus, combinational use of CEO and GSE due to extending the shelf life and safety of meat products can practically profit both producers and consumers.