Background:With increasing age, the prevalence of chronic diseases increases. Since health-promoting behaviors (HPB) are considered a basic way of preventing diseases, especially chronic diseases, it is important to assess HPB. This study examines the validity and reliability of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II).Methods:This is a cross-sectional study which is conducted on 502 elderly individuals aged 60 and over in Tehran, Iran. In order to determine the validity, content and construct validity were used. The content validity index (CVI) was used to assess the content validity and to assess construct validity, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and item-total correlations were employed. For reliability, test-retest analysis was used, and the internal consistency of the HPLP-II was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, SPSS-18 and Amos-7 software was used.Results:The mean age of the subjects was 66.3 ± 5.3 years. The CVI for the revised HPLP-II and all its subscales was higher than 0.82. The CFA confirmed a six-factor model aligned with the original HPLP-II. Pearson correlation coefficients between the revised HPLP-II and their items were in range of 0.27–0.65. Cronbach's alpha of the revised HPLP-II was obtained as 0.78 and for their subscales were in the range of 0.67–0.84. Intraclass correlation coefficient was obtained 0.79 (95% confidence interval: 0.59–0.86, P < 0.001).Conclusions:The Iranian HPLP-II scale is an appropriate tool for assessing HPBs of the Iranian elderly.

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Background: Klebsiella is a major human pathogen associated with nosocomial infections. Multi-drug resistant Klebsiella isolates have increased in the last decades and therefore, the use of drug resistance tests seems necessary before prescribing antibiotics.Objectives: This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of Klebsiella species recovered from inpatients and outpatients.Methods: This descriptive study was performed on inpatients and outpatients referring to Amir Al-Momenin Hospital, Gerash, Iran, for six months from September 2014 to February 2015. Samples were recovered from different clinical specimens including urine, sputum, wound, blood, and feces. All patients with culture positive for Klebsiella were included and examined for antibiotic resistance using the agar disk diffusion method.Results: After examining 60 samples positive for Klebsiella, it was shown that patients had the highest antibiotic resistance to vancomycin (83.3%), amikacin (71.6%), cephalexin (56.6%), nitrofurantoin (53.3%), ceftriaxone (25%), cefotaxime (25%), trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (21.6%), cefixime (18.3%), nalidixic acid (16.6%), ampicillin (11.6%), ciprofloxacin (10%), and gentamicin (6.6%), in sequence. Klebsiella showed the most sensitivity to ciprofloxacin at 83.3%, cefixime at 75%, and nalidixic acid at 71.6%. Conclusions:This investigation provided necessary information about the prevalence of infections caused by Klebsiella in Gerash region, which can be used by physicians and health care administrators to monitor and control multiple-drug resistance and plan for empirical treatments effective against infections caused by drug-resistant Klebsiella isolates. The obtained results showed that ciprofloxacin to which Klebsiella had the highest sensitivity was the most effective antibiotic.

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BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion is a life-saving procedure; millions of lives are saved each year. However, blood transfusions are associated with certain risks that can lead to adverse consequences. This study aimed to survey the prevalence and trend of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among blood donors of Fars province, Iran (2006-2018).METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing the records of the blood transfusion organization of Fars province. A total of 1952478 blood units were screened for transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs). Then, data were entered into SPSS software (Negare. version 25). Chi-square test was used to compare the sof TTIs among blood donors. Chisquare test for trend was used to analyze the variations in trends of TTIs during this period. Finally, p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. GraphPad Prism software was used for the depiction of the graphs.RESULTS: Among the 1952478 blood donations within the 13-years, 4479(0.229 %) of donors were HBsAg, HCV Ab, and HIV Ag-Ab positive. The seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV was 2684(0.137%), 1703(0.087 %), and 92(0.0047%), respectively.CONCLUSION: The current study showed that the overall prevalence of TTIs among blood donors was low and had a descending trend over the years of study.

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Background: Participation in peer social groups could be used in health promotion programs for the elderly. The current study investigates the effectiveness of participation in a peer social support network intervention on the self-management of the elderly with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-pos-ttest design with a control group conducted in 2019. Two health centers were selected as research settings from a single district in Qom Province, Iran. From each center, 46 subjects were randomly selected. Subjects in the intervention group participated in a peer social support network for 3 months (12 sessions), and the control group received only usual care. The outcome variable was self-management. The components of this variable include the level of hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), diabetes distress (measured with Diabetes Distress Scale), awareness (measured with Davoodi’s knowledge of diabetes questionnaire), attitude (measured with diabetes attitude scale [DAS-3]), self-efficacy (measured with diabetes empowerment scale, [DES-28]), weight and blood pressure. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and at a 6-month follow-up. The obtained data were analyzed using t-test, Chi-Square, and Fisher test in SPSS software, version 22. The significance level was set at less than 0.5. Results: The change in mean HbA1C of the intervention and control groups at baseline and 6-month follow-up was -0.7 and 0.1, respectively, which was significant (P≤0.0001). Moreover, the difference in changes in the mean values of diabetes distress (P=0.008), self-efficacy (P≤0.0001), and attitude (P≤0.0001) were significant. No significant changes were found in knowledge, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P>0.05). Conclusion: The formation of social support groups may help control blood sugar in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. Seemingly, social groups can mainly impact through psychological factors such as distress control, attitude improvement, and self-efficacy enhancement.

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