Heavy metals are vital and necessary in our daily lives. Moreover, if the amounts of heavy metals are more than the acceptable amounts (mentioned by WHO) in soil, water, and air, indeed, they cause a lot of diseases in human bodies. Therefore, monitoring and measuring the amounts of heavy metals that are arduous and difficult are so important. In this review paper, a lot of studies that have been carried out on the determination and quantification of heavy metals in human bodies, soil, and water are considered. Moreover, the effect of toxicity of each heavy metal on human health is assessed. According to WHO, EPA, NIOSH, ACGIH, and clinical chemistry, the determination of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cu, Mn is very important in the human body and Environmental matrixes.
Aluminum is a toxic metal and causes pollution in soil, water, and air. Afterward, a lot of patients suffer renal failure due to the accumulation of aluminum in the tissues of kidneys. Also, a high concentration of aluminum in plants tissues makes agricultural food toxic. Therefore, measuring aluminum in water, soil, air, human organs, tissues of plants and each food (or agricultural product is so necessary for protecting human health. Also, the effect of some parameters such as pH and temperature on decrease or increase in the amount of aluminum in water and other samples are stated. In this review, the analytical methods such as fluorimetric, ICP-MS, colorimetric, graphite furnace/flame atomic absorption spectrometry, etc. which have been applied for measuring the amount of aluminum (especially ) in environmental and human biological samples are assesse
High levels of arsenic in the effluent are a major concern of human, and the removal of it from the wastewater is hard and costly. The most common techniques for removal of arsenic are membrane separation, ion exchange, oxidation, and coagulation. The active carbon is used as the most common arsenic adsorbent in wastewater treatment processes, this study has been considered as the main adsorbent and attempted to improve its surface properties by graphene nanosheets. Thus, by adding graphene (4.5%w) to the carbon structure, its porosity increases, and the ion exchange behavior and surface load are corrected. In this research, the effects of time process, concentration of arsenic, and adsorbent are evaluated in different pH values. It has been observed that the maximum adsorption of arsenic is 91.8%; in addition, when graphene is used, the rate of absorption of Arsenic has increased about 5.2%, and the process time is shortened.
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