To study energy and protein balances in elderly patients after surgery, spontaneous energy and protein intake and resting energy expenditure (REE) were measured in 20 elderly female patients with a femoral neck fracture (mean age 81 +/- 4, SD, range 74-87 years; weight 53 +/- 8, range 42-68 kg) during a 5-6 day period following surgery. REE, measured over 20-40 min by indirect calorimetry using a ventilated canopy, averaged 0.98 +/- 0.15 kcal/min on day 3 and decreased to 0.93 +/- 0.15 kcal/min on day 8-9 postsurgery (p less than 0.02). REE was positively correlated with body weight (r = 0.69, p less than 0.005). Mean REE extrapolated to 24 hr (24-REE) was 1283 +/- 194 kcal/day. Mean daily food energy intake measured over the 5-day follow-up period was 1097 +/- 333 kcal/day and was positively correlated with 24-REE (r = 0.50, p less than 0.05). Daily energy balance was -235 +/- 351 kcal/day on day 3 (p less than 0.01 vs zero) and -13 +/- 392 kcal/day on day 8-9 postsurgery (NS vs zero) with a mean over the study period of -185 +/- 289 kcal/day (p less than 0.01 vs zero). When an extra 100 kcal/day was allowed for the energy cost of physical activity, mean daily energy balance over the 5-day study period was calculated to be -285 +/- 289 kcal/day (p less than 0.01 vs zero). Measurements of total 24-hr urinary nitrogen (N) excretion were obtained in a subgroup of 14 patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abstract:The current division of the Czech Republic into climatic regions was carried out according to basic criteria which meet the assumption of similar conditions for growth and development of agricultural crops. Ten climatic regions in the Czech Republic were labelled with numbers 0 (VT, very hot) to 9 (CH, cold). In this paper we have utilized selected agro-climatic characteristics for these climatic regions, which were not considered in the original classification. Evaluation was performed according to the daily interval of agro-meteorological model AVISO with the use of technical series of meteorological elements of a regular network of 789 grid points (10×10 km) for the period of 1961-2010.
The subject of this study is an evaluation of the amount of evaporation from water surfaces (VVH), measured using EWM devices in two cities of different sizes, and located approximately 80 km from each other -Prague and Pilsen. The results were analyzed in the context of urban phenomena, which are pronounced especially in Prague, and also in the context of meteorological and morphological conditions in those locations. It was found that higher amounts of evaporation were measured at the meteorological station in Pilsen. The difference between the average sum of VVH per season (1 st May to 30 th September) between 2005 and 2014 for the two locations is 33.3 mm. The difference between daily average values was 0.2 mm. Given the suburban nature of the two locations where measurements were taken, it was not possible to draw any conclusions about the effect of the urban heat island on the rate of evaporation and values of VVH. Factors significantly influencing VVH are surface roughness, which is higher in urban environments than in open landscapes. Based on the results it was concluded that at both a regional and a local scale, the rate of evaporation is more affected by wind speed than thermal conditions. The measured VVH values differ, not just because of the urban dimension of the two cities compared, but especially as a result of different topoclimatic location of the two stations.KEY WORDS: urban climate, amount of evaporation, EWM, water balance ARTICLE HISTORY:
Evaporation from water surface at the station in Ústí nad Orlicí was measured using an automatic EWM evaporimeter. The analysed period was from May 1st to September 30th in the years 2001 to 2014. Statistical analysis of the daily evaporation showed that the values ranged between 0.0 mm and 7.3 mm (July 17, 2007). This maximum value was analysed in detail and considered to be realistic based on the unusual weather conditions on that day. The highest average daily evaporation was observed in July (2.8 mm), followed by August (2.5 mm). On the other hand the lowest average daily evaporation was found to be in September (1.6 mm). Average monthly evaporation totals in the analysed period (2001–2014) ranged from 49.1 mm (September) to 86.1 mm (July). The absolute lowest monthly evaporation total in the analysed period was measured in September 2002 (34.4 mm), on the other end of the scale, the absolute highest monthly evaporation in the period of interest was measured in August 2003 (114.5 mm). Statistics of annual data show that out of the 14 years analysed, the lowest evaporation was observed in 2005 (263.5 mm), while the highest in 2007 (426.1 mm). Average annual (May-September) evaporation for the 14 years is 355.0 mm. The trend in evaporation for May and August is negative, in the other months it is positive. The largest change was seen in July, where the linear index value is +1.555. However, the trends in monthly values are not statistically significant.
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