Nonintrusive systems for the measurement on test rigs of aeroengine exhaust emissions required for engine certification (CO, NO(x), total unburned hydrocarbon, and smoke), together with CO(2) and temperature have been developed. These results have been compared with current certified intrusive measurements on an engine test. A spectroscopic database and data-analysis software has been developed to enable Fourier-transform Infrared measurement of concentrations of molecular species. CO(2), CO, and NO data showed agreement with intrusive techniques of approximately ?30%. A narrow-band spectroscopic device was used to measure CO(2) (with deviations of less than ?10% from the intrusive measurement), whereas laser-induced incandescence was used to measure particles. Future improvements to allow for the commercial use of the nonintrusive systems have been identified and the methods are applicable to any measurement of combustion emissions.

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Techniques for obtaining quantitative values of the temperatures and concentrations of remote hot gaseous effluents from their measured passive emission spectra have been examined in laboratory experiments and on field trials. These emission spectra were obtained using an adapted KIR spectrometer with 0.25 cm-' spectral resolution. The CO2 and H20 vapour content in the plume from a 55 m smoke stack and the temperature of these gases were obtained by comparing the measured emission spectra with those modelled using the HITRAN atmospheric transmission database. The spatial distributions of CO2, CO and unburnt CH4 in a laboratory methane flame were reconstructed tomographically using a matrix inversion technique.

Particles emitted from aircraft play a role in the formation of contrails and it is essential to characterize them to understand the physical and chemical processes that are happening. Current methods for measuring aircraft particulate emissions study the reflectance of samples collected in filter papers.A series of experiments to more fully characterize particulates has been performed on a small-scale gas turbine engine. An intrusive sampling system conforming to current ICAO regulations for aircraft emissions was used with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Non-intrusive measurements were made using laser induced incandescence (LII) and samples were taken from the exhaust to analyse using a transmission electron microscope. Results obtained from different techniques showed good agreement with each other. As engine power conditions increased, both the SMPS and LII indicated that the mass of soot had decreased. Differences were observed between measurements of diluted and undiluted samples. The mean particle size decreased with dilution but the size distribution became bi-modal.The study has shown how significant the sampling environment is for measuring particulates and careful techniques need to be used to ensure that accurate, consistent results can be obtained.

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