Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest domesticated oilseed crops. Due to the presence of high oil, protein and other nutritional elements, its seed has become an important ingredient of food and feed. However, lack of information about sesame yield structure has restricted the process of crop improvement through breeding. Sesame breeding methods vary from plant selection and hybridization to molecular breeding. Genetic variability in a species is the basic requirement of any breeding program. Available genetic diversity is either directly used for evaluation and selection or desired traits are combined into a single plant via hybridization and backcrossing. Sesame germplasm evaluation and selection for high-yielding varieties are based on genetic heritability estimates of yield-related traits including higher number of capsules, branches and plant biomass, etc. Mutational techniques are employed for broadening genetic diversity of sesame breeding material. Concentrations and application time of any mutagen were found critical for mutation-breeding program. Large number of sesame varieties possessing desirable traits for higher yield and better quality has been developed through mutagenesis. Application of innovative breeding methods helps to reduce our dependence on existence of genetic variability within a species and overcome the limitations of conventional breeding. For this purpose biotechnological techniques have been introduced to sesame breeding programs. Protocols for sesame in vitro culturing and genetic transformation are optimized by using appropriate concentration of hormones and nutrients. Various markerassisted selection (MAS) techniques such as isozymes, random amplifi ed polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), etc. are also used in sesame breeding to study genetic variability of sesame to increase selection effi ciency.
This chapter covers the economics of greenhouse pepper (Capsicum spp.) production, describing the effects of production factors (propagation, planting density, and plant management during the production cycle) on profitability. An overview of greenhouse pepper production costs and returns in Alberta, Canada, is presented.
This study evaluates the existence of toxic compounds in thermomechanical pulp sludge (TMPS) derived biochars obtained through a slow pyrolysis process and establishes the criteria for manufacturing benign-quality biochar for safe greenhouse-based food production. Accordingly, nine TMPS biochars generated at different temperatures (450, 500, 550 °C) and residence times (30, 60, 120 min) were investigated. Depending on the production conditions, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) sum varied from 0.4 to 236 μg/g biochar. Interestingly, correlations between the PAH content, toxicity, and process conditions were derived in the form of process toxicity relationships (PTRs). On the basis of the learning garnered in this study, it is recommended that TMPS feedstock will yield benign quality biochar when processed at a minimum 500 °C temperature for an optimum residence time of 30 min.
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