This paper outlines the optimization problem of unit commitment (UC) and economic dispatch (ED) in microgrids (MG). An improved real coded genetic algorithm (GA) has been developed to schedule the active and reactive powers of integrated controllable generators, battery storage systems (BSS) and shiftable loads in the system. In the proposed GA method, both network restrictions (voltages and loadings) and unit constraints have been considered, and minimization of the operation costs and pollutant treatment costs have been formulated as objective functions. For network analysis, comprehensive load flow calculations based on Matpower program are conducted in the optimization process. The proposed GA method features a highly flexible set of sub-functions, intelligent convergence behavior, as well as diversified searching approaches and penalty methods for constraint violations. Moreover, a new Li-Ion BSS model with an event-driven ageing behavior has been introduced to the GA structure. In the end, the performance and effectiveness of the developed GA method is verified by a number of optimization study cases applied to a typical test microgrid. The simulation results have demonstrated the capabilities of the optimizer to detect feasible global optimal solution for microgrid UC and ED problem
On-time water pump malfunction, thermostat sticking, fan defect, and radiator clogging severity estimation in a vehicle cooling system prevents system breakdown and saves repair costs and service time. In this respect, to minimize the required number of engine variable measurements, the engine body temperature, T b is introduced as a single driving force of the thermal system and a modified adaptive second order sliding mode (SOSM) fault observer is utilized to estimate the (single case) faults despite the system nonlinear uncertainty. The faults are applied and the estimates are obtained within the defined temperature ranges. The results of extensive simulations indicate that the algorithm works well in assessing the occurred damages to the uncertain system. KEYWORDS adaptive second order sliding mode, automobile cooling system, fault detection, observer 2 | AUTOMOBILE COOLING SYSTEM MODEL The engine heat, not released through the exhaust, is dissipated by the cooling system. Since the engine body is massive with high thermal conductivity, it is approximately modeled by a variable temperature source, T b. This possibility simplifies the model and lets a simpler estimation algorithm to be built.
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