The aim of the present study was to identify the most important goal orientations and sport participation motives among teenage athletes in leisure time. In addition, these variables were prioritized and associations between all constructs have been studied. For this purpose, 376 Iranian teenage athletes were singled out by cluster-random sampling, and responded to Task and Ego Orientation Sport Questionnaire (T.E.O.S.Q), and Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ). The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed fit model indexes for twosome dimensions of sport goals, and five motives of sport participation (RMSEA ≤ .06; χ2 / df ≤ 3; Goodness Indexes≥ .90). Based on CFA and loadings, goals of task-orientation (r= .93) and egoorientation (r= .43) were identified for sport goals, and motives of energy release (r= .94), status (r = .76), fitness (r= .48), team atmosphere (r= .46), and skill development (r= .26) obtained for teenagers' sport participation, respectively. In general, the findings of the present study provided the adequate understanding for sport managers, coaches, physical educators and their parents by how sport motivation of teenagers, via satisfying teenager's motives specially motives of energy release and status, provided their satisfaction and gratification during long life.
Background: The research was conducted in the Paradigm Model of Emergence Typology of Anomalies and Corruption in Sport Hierarchical Levels in Iran with Emphasis on Human Resources. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to implement a descriptive-based survey in the qualitative research method in which the data was collected and analyzed by applying grounded theory. Methods: A library literature review with content analysis and a semi-structured interview with 20 experts and professionals in sport educational level, sport for all levels, championship level, and professional levels, which participated in the interview process with a semi-structured question-based. Data from the interviews were collected in open coding, axial, and theoretically analyzed. The present study was carried out in the context of a qualitative approach using the foundation's data theory method. Results: The results demonstrated that structural and behavioral antecedents had caused the change in attitudes of players, spectators, and fans and also abnormal effects such as players' domination, players' expensive salary, lack of meritocracy, and lack of socialization have concluded. Conclusions: A required infrastructure development on communication, educational, and event development has been selected as the key elements to reform the modification structure of these attitudes toward deviant behaviors
Research question: The present study examined how organizational climate plays a mediating role in the relationship between job crafting and organizational agility in a government-dependent NSOs suffering from bureaucratic structures and rigid legislation. We therefore hypothesized that employees undertaking job crafting techniques would be most likely to shape positive climates, thereby building organizational agility.Research Methods: Employing a quantitative approach, structural equal modelling (SEM) was performed for testing the research hypothesis. One hundred nighty one employees working in the Iranian Ministry of Sport and Youth were asked to respond to three standard questionnaires.Results and Findings: SEM analyses offered strong support for the research hypothesis referring to positive mediating role of organizational climates. We, discuss how a workplace containing more than two people builds informal organization among employees, as they refine their position to increase social job resources. Implications:The study demonstrated that job crafting has the potential to be linked with positive organizational outcomes and, thereby suggested a practical strategy to select the people for entering NSOs. Presenting a potential workplace pattern for employees to refine their positions in terms of sharing knowledge and carrying out job tasks, the study illustrated a context to empower the human resources.
Research into the career dynamics of high-performance level match officials across sports is scarce. The present study analyses the career dynamics of elite football referees from childhood to the elite level, creating a context of life design and a pattern for identifying individuals with potential talent. Twelve international and elite football referees participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews utilizing narrative inquiry. Participants were asked to recall all football refereeing-related experiences associated with their life stories from childhood to obtaining their FIFA Elite Referee (FER) position. Data analysis indicated that there were two common discourses (early and later) in an elite football referees' career which helped to shape their job role with increased meaningfulness, providing invaluable insights for reaching the FER position. The interviewees experienced specific on-and off-field, reactions during their career (early and late) in order to prepare themselves to face challenging and conflict-related situations in football refereeing. Based on career stages, types of job crafting, and job characteristic levels, we developed the unique career dynamic identification profile of elite football referees. Accordingly, we argue that a talented individual needs to undertake individual training and career-based goal setting in their early career, whilst later in their career the elite referees should move towards collective training and game-based goal setting. The paper discusses the wider implications of the research findings, including their transferability to other societal groups populations, such as public sportspeople, talented individuals, national football federations, referee departments, and concludes by considering suggestions for future research.
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