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Epoxy paint was homogeneously incorporated with Al2O3(α), Fe2O3(α), SiO2, and ZnO nanoparticles at 1, 2, and 3 wt% with respect to total weight of hardener and undried epoxy, and coated on carbon steel coupons. Corrosion protection performance of the samples was evaluated by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3 wt% NaCl solution. Analysis of LSV data and thorough analysis of EIS data showed the beneficial effect of all types of nanoparticles at 1 wt%. For 2 and 3 wt% samples, performance was different, depending on the nanoparticle type. However, the sample containing 3 wt% Al2O3(α) showed the best performance among all the tested samples. The results were correlated to the ability of the nanoparticles to block corroding coatings by decreasing the porosity of the dried epoxy paint.

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With the increase in the world's population and industrialization, world energy consumption experienced an ascending trend in the last years, [1] which is anticipated to continue in the future. As such, the sustainable supply of energy is critical, relying on both renewable and unrenewable sources. However, an essential aspect in this context is that generally, the rates of generation and consumption of energy do not coincide with each other because of the need for peak shaving or load leveling in power grids or due to the intermittent nature of such ever-developing renewable sources like solar or wind energies. Accordingly, to overcome such temporal mismatches, the adaptation of efficient and reliable timeshifting technologies, i.e., energy storage systems (ESSs), must be pursued. Such solutions also make it possible to develop distributed energy generation technologies as well as increase efficiency. Among various developed or emerging ESSs, [2,3] electrochemical batteries show longer discharge time at the rated power (energy) in larger-scale power system. [4] Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a well-known type of electrochemical rechargeable batteries. Anodic and/or cathodic redox-active materials are commonly dissolved in their respective electrolyte and flow from external reservoirs on electrodes where they undergo redox reactions during charge/discharge processes. These batteries have shown some advantages such as rapid response time, flexible installation, easy modularization, scalability, and short construction cycles, were made them suitable candidates for large-scale electrical energy storage purposes. [7] Among all various RFBs, Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are the most widely studied, promising, and wellestablished technology due to their attractive characteristics for large-scale ESS. The idea of using vanadium redox couples goes back to 1933 and 1954 when two patents of P.A Pissoort (France) and Walter Kango (Germany) were established. [8] However, the first VRFBs were developed in the 1980s by the Skyllas-Kazacos group. Since then, the history of VRFBs is significantly tied with different efforts for the development of other flow or redox flow-based batteries, as schematically presented in Figure 1a. Motivated by promising as well as proven merits, different VRFBs demonstrations with the scale from tens of kW to MW have been successfully tested, and it is believed that the It is predicted that the future of energy will mainly rely on batteries such as vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), and its related research has already attracted significant attention. The primary function of a membrane in VRFBs is to control proton transport between the half-cells and to hinder admixing the anolyte and catholyte at the same time. However, to develop a low-cost and energy-efficient VRFB, other membrane roles are crucial. The combination of a highly stable backbone of polytetrafluoroethylene with hydrophilic perfluorinated-vinyl-polyether side chains equipped with sulfonic acid groups (Nafion membranes)...

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