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Lipid and sugar have important nutritional and technological functions in bakery products, but excessive intake may affect human health adversely. This study aimed at processing and quality evaluation of low-calorie biscuits by partial replacement of fat and sugar with polydextrose and 2.5% stevia solution, respectively. A total of 6 formulas and 16 samples of biscuit were developed to replace the amount of fat and sugar from 0 to 50%. For each formula (10 to 50% fat and sugar reduction), 3 biscuit samples were prepared with different proportion of polydextrose and stevia whilst exception for control (1 sample, 0% fat and sugar reduction). Analysis on physical properties of the developed biscuits showed that the diameter, thickness, spread ratio, mass, volume, density and compressive strength were changed with the change in fat and sugar content and values were found in the range of 3.57 - 3.9 cm, 0.5 - 0.7 cm, 5.58 - 7.10, 3.63 - 4.2 g, 5.03 - 8.34 cc, 0.49 - 0.74 g/cc and 9.383 - 16.441 kgf, respectively. Proximate nutritional components of the developed biscuit samples were varied significantly (p≤0.05) due to increasing of polydextrose and stevia, and the values were recorded as 4.36 - 4.99% for moisture, 7.81 - 8.91% protein, 11.37 - 17.88% fat, 1.09 - 1.24% ash and 68.65 - 73.72% total carbohydrate. The usage of 5 mL stevia solution and 3 g polydextrose to reduce 50% fat and 50% sugar resulted in lowering 12.59% calorie content than control biscuit. Concerning sensory evaluation, a noticeable significant difference was found among the developed biscuits at p≤0.05, whereas all samples got acceptable scores. However, this study revealed that the replacement of fat and sugar by polydextrose and stevia up to 50% in biscuits is acceptable without too appreciable changes in physico-chemical and sensory properties.

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In this work, modelling of the photocatalytic degradation of para-nitrophenol (PNP) using synthesized electrospun TiO nanofibers under UV light illumination is reported. A dynamic model was developed in order to understand the behaviour of operating parameters, i.e. light intensity and catalyst loading on the photocatalytic activity. This model was simulated and analysed for both TiO solid nanofibers and TiO hollow nanofibers, applied as photocatalysts in the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic framework. The entire photocatalytic degradation rate follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. The simulated results obtained from the developed model are in good agreement with the experimental results. At a catalyst loading of 1.0 mg mL, better respective degradation rates were achieved at UV light irradiance of 4 mW cm, for both the TiO solid and hollow nanofibers. However, it was also observed that TiO hollow nanofibers have a higher adsorption rate than that of TiO solid nanofibers resulting in a higher photocatalytic degradation rate of PNP.

In the present work, the effect of α-Fe 2 O 3 -nanoparticles (IONPs) supplementation at varying doses (0, 10, 20 and, 30 mg L −1 ) at the intermittent stage (after 12th day of growth period) was studied on the growth and biogas production potential of Chlorella pyrenoidosa . Significant enhancements in microalgae growth were observed with all the tested IONPs doses, the highest (2.94 ± 0.01 g L −1 ) being at 20 mg L −1 . Consequently, the composition of the biomass was also improved. Based on the precedent determinations, theoretical chemical oxygen demand (COD th ) as well as theoretical and stoichiometric methane potential (TMP, and SMP) were also estimated. The COD th , TMP, SMP values indicated IONPs efficacy for improving biogas productivity. Further, the biochemical methane potential (BMP) test was done for IONPs supplemented biomass. The BMP test revealed up to a 25.14% rise in biogas yield (605 mL g –1 VS fed ) with 22.4% enhanced methane content for 30 mg L −1 IONPs supplemented biomass over control. Overall, at 30 mg L −1 IONPs supplementation, the cumulative enhancements in biomass, biogas, and methane content proffered a net rise of 98.63% in biomethane potential (≈ 2.86 × 10 4 m 3 ha −1 year −1 ) compared to control. These findings reveal the potential of IONPs in improving microalgal biogas production.