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The search of new anticancer agents is considered as a dynamic field of medicinal chemistry. In recent years, the synthesis of compounds with anticancer potential has increased and a large number of structurally varied compounds displaying potent anticancer activities have been published. Pyrazole is an important biologically active scaffold that possessed nearly all types of biological activities. The aim of this review is to collate literature work reported by researchers to provide an overview on in vivo and in vitro anticancer activities of pyrazole based derivatives among the diverse biological activities displayed by them and also presents recent efforts made on this heterocyclic moiety regarding anticancer activities. This review has been driven from the increasing number of publications, on this issue, which have been reported in the literature since the ending of the 20th century (from 1995-to date).
Two new series of N‐thiazolyl hydrazones (3a–h) and indenopyrazolones (4a–h) were synthesized by the reaction of various 2‐acyl‐(1H)‐indene‐1,3(2H)‐diones, thiosemicarbazide, and phenacyl bromide/substituted phenacyl bromides. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of these synthesized compounds was assayed against four bacteria, namely, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two fungi, namely, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, by employing serial dilution method. Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole were used as antibacterial and antifungal reference drugs, respectively. Results of antimicrobial assay showed that the tested compounds have broad range of activity. The compounds 3h and 4a against C. albicans displayed more potency than fluconazole whereas 3b and 3c against B. subtilis showed activity comparable with ciprofloxacin. The synthesized indenopyrazolones (4a–h) were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activity by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay using ascorbic acid as reference. Compound 4b exhibited the highest 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging with IC50 value 33.14 μg/mL. The observed results of antimicrobial activity were supported by molecular docking study performed to understand the binding interaction of hydrazones (3a–h) and indenopyrazolones (4a–h) with lanosterol 14α‐demethylase.
In the present study, a series of 20 indane‐based 1,5‐benzothiazepines (5a–t) has been prepared derived from 3‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐inden‐1‐one (1). All the synthesized 1,5‐benzothiazepines (5a–t) were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against four bacteria [Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441), Staphylococcus epidermidis (MTCC 6880), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1652), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424)] and two fungi [Candida albicans (MTCC 227) and Aspergillus niger (MTCC 8189)]. Among all the tested derivatives, 5n and 5o against E. coli displayed more inhibitory activity than that of the reference drug, ciprofloxacin, while the derivatives 5c, 5m–o, 5s, and 5t against C. albicans, and 5d, 5e, 5n, 5o, 5s, and 5t against A. niger were found to be more potent than the standard drug, that is, fluconazole.
The aim of this review is to collate literature work reported by researchers (from 1994 to 2021) to provide an overview of the available methodologies for the synthesis and diverse pharmacological activities exhibited by pyrazole based molecules. This review highlights recent reports on various routes of synthesis and potential biological evaluation studies viz. anticancer, AT (II) inhibitory, anti-inflammatory activities, HIV-1-RT inhibitory, antihypertensive, herbicidal, antitubercular, insecticidal, antiviral, antimicrobial and COX-2 inhibitory activity, etc. of pyrazole derivatives and also presents recent efforts made on this heterocyclic moiety.
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