Demand response can enable residential consumers to take advantage of control signals and/or financial incentives to adjust the use of their resources at strategic times. These resources usually refer to energy consumption, locally distributed electricity generation, and energy storage. The building structural mass has an inherent potential either to modify consumption or to be used as a storage medium. In this paper, the energy flexibility potential of a residential building thermal mass for the winter design day is investigated. Various active demand response strategies are assessed using two flexibility indicators: the storage efficiency and storage capacity. Using simulation, it is shown that the available capacity and efficiency associated with active demand response actions depend on thermostat setpoint modulation, demand response event duration, heating system rated power and current consumption.
The building sector is responsible for consuming onethird of the global final energy use. In office buildings, high internal heat gains increase the cooling energy use. Thermal energy storage (TES) is a promising technology to decrease the cooling energy use, to achieve a low-carbon future, and to increase thermal comfort if properly designed. An appropriate use of the passive PCM system and natural ventilation can provide long-term energy and thermal comfort benefits. Many factors influence the efficient use of passive PCM system in buildings, such as outdoor/indoor boundary conditions, and HVAC control strategies. In office buildings, the PCM passive system integrated into the building envelope has the potential to regulate the indoor air temperature by absorbing high internal heat gains during day, however, discharging the PCM during night to work efficiently for the next day remains a challenging design criterion. The passive PCM system would not work efficiently if charging/discharging cycle is not completed. Wholebuilding energy simulation tools and numerical models are essential to deal with this issue. The present study is aimed at defining cooling energy savings in office buildings located in temperate climates applying PCM and natural ventilation passive technologies. A reference small office building was chosen and PCM panels with optimised melting temperature together with different natural ventilation control strategies were applied to an office building model. Energy-Plus airflow network capability was used to calculate the natural ventilation potential induced by wind and buoyancy effects. Simulation results have shown cooling energy savings from 8% to 15%. In addition, natural ventilation could increase the efficiency of PCM by 8%.
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