There was a significant difference between the values obtained from the new and old peak flow meters and also between the two new peak flow meters. We conclude that there is need for caution in interchangeably using flow meters in clinical practice.

Introduction: Root canal treatment (RCT) is one of the most common endodontic procedures for which patient visits the dentist. Patients' awareness and knowledge of the endodontic treatment is a very important issue in everyday dental practice. It influences significantly the course and effects of treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of patients in a sample of Kashmiri population regarding the endodontic treatment. Material and Methods: Multiple-choice questionnaire regarding knowledge and awareness of root canal treatment was distributed to 100 respondents. The questionnaire comprised questions ranged from personal and social details to specific questions about endodontic treatment. The analysis of data was performed using methods of descriptive statistics. Results: The results shown that (55%) of respondents indicated that the pain was the most important concern associated with the root canal treatment. Conclusion: Knowledge and awareness of patients regarding root canal treatment are different among races and populations of the world.

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Introduction: Aesthetically pleasing restorations are much desirable in current day dentistry and efforts have been made to develop a restorative material to suit the patients desires and needs. Composite resins are currently the most popular of all tooth coloured restorative materials, which completely replaced silicate cement and acrylic resin as esthetic restoarive material. The aim of our study was to know the various clinical practices and techniques related to composite resins amongst dentists in two different population groups to get a wide range of opinion. Material and Methods:The multiple-choice questionnaire regarding the use of composites and technique associated with its placement were distributed among 200 dentists. Out of 200 dentists only 176 responded. The analysis of data was performed using methods of descriptive statistics. Results:The response rate in this survey was 88% (176/200). Losses in response rate were due to lack of return of questionnaire form. In this survey we found that only 5% of the dentists used rubber dam, more than 80% of the dentists used cotton rolls and suction tips as a method of isolation, 34% dentists used Mylar strips as matrix band in composite restorations instead of a proper matrix system. Conclusion:Composites are popular among dentists practicing in Srinagar and Delhi. There is a need of continued professional education and clinical training of the dentists in order to achieve desired results and esthetics within a stipulated time.

Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is a type of radiation therapy used to treat tumors, vascular malformations and pain disorders. Gamma Knife radiosurgery utilizes specialized equipment which focuses 201 narrow beams of radiation on a tumor or other target. Although each beam has very little effect on the tissue it passes through, a strong dose of radiation is delivered to the site where all the beams meet. The precision of GKRS results in minimal damage to healthy tissues surrounding the target; thus having a lower risk of side effects compared with other types of radiation therapy. GKRS can be used to treat benign and malignant tumors, arteriovenous malformations, brain metastases and functional disorders such as trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and glossopharyngeal neuralgia, especially in idiopathic and medically refractory cases. It manages these conditions non-invasively, without the pain and risk of complication associated with traditional surgery with most patients being able to resume normal activities the following day. GKRS is also known as stereotactic radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy.

Background: Root canal preparation procedure must preserve the canal's original anatomy by respecting its initial curvature and creating a continuously tapering funnel. 1The shaping of curved canals remains a major challenge for clinicians, and is one of the most important steps of endodontic therapy.The two single-file systems used in our study are WaveOne and Reciproc in reciprocal motion. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of establishing glide path on the centering ability and preparation time of two different Nickel-Titanium single file systems in mesial roots of mandibular first molars. Methods: Eighty extracted mandibular molars with curvatures of 20-35 degrees and were divided into four groups (n=15); WaveOne+glide path; WaveOne; Reciproc+glide path and Reciproc. Non-patent canals were excluded and only one canal in each tooth was instrumented. A manual glide path was established in first and third groups with #10, 15 hand K-files. Preparation was performed with reciprocating in-and-out motion, with a 3-4 mm amplitude and slight apical pressure. Initial and final photographs were taken to analyze the amount of dentin removed in the instrumented canals. The centering ability of the rotary instruments was evaluated using the computer program Corel draw X6 software. Results: No statistically significant differences were found with regards to the centering ability between the four groups or amongst the ay three different locations coronal, middle and apical thirds of the root canals. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that a manual glide path increased the total time involved in preparation of curved canals with WaveOne and Reciproc instruments. A glide path had no influence on the centering ability of these two single-file systems.

Background: The relation of maxillary posterior teeth roots to the maxillary sinus floor is important for diagnosing and planning of many surgical procedures. The anatomical proximity of the root apices of the maxillary posterior teeth to the maxillary sinus floor may favor the development of inflammatory, infectious and/or traumatic alterations in the maxillary sinus. Objective: To correlate the topographic relationship of the maxillary sinus floor to the posterior teeth roots using panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Panoramic and CBCT images of 30 patients were analyzed. The relationship between the posterior teeth and the maxillary sinus and panoramic radiography signs associated with protrusion of root apices into the sinus were evaluated following Kwak et al. (2004) classification. Results: The OPG showed statistically significant (P>0.001) longer root projection in the sinus cavity in comparison with the root protrusion into the sinus measured by using CBCT images. It was found that cbct was statistically more significant than OPG. Given the limitations of panoramic radiography being a 2D radiography. Conclusion: CBCT is reliable in assessment of topographic relationship of maxillary sinus floor with the posterior teeth in comparision with panoramic radiography CBCT is indicated to provide the information about the relation to the maxillary sinus floor when there is protrusion detected in panoramic images.

Mandibular molars can have an additional root located lingually (the radix entomolaris) or buccally (the radix paramolaris). If present, an awareness and understanding of this unusual root and its root canal morphology can contribute to the successful outcome of root canal treatment. This paper describes case report of mandibular first molar with three roots (one mesial and two distal) and four canals (two in mesial and two in distal root). These case reports show an anatomic variation of internal morphology of the tooth and points out the importance of searching for additional canals.