Nowadays, nanoscale materials are increasingly popular in academic and industrial research. It is expected that the combination of nanoscale materials with other material can contribute more benefits. The use of nanoscale materials often require their dispersion in variety of liquids, to enable them to become part of the liquid product, also known as nanofluids. For example, one of the applications is the nanoparticles dispersed with transformer oil in oil-immersed transformer application. Traditionally, mineral oil is used as dielectric liquid and cooling medium in power transformer. In this paper, dielectric strength of ester oil when mixed with nanoparticles is investigated. For that purpose, AC breakdown voltage test is compliance with ASTM D1816 standard is performed. Statistical analysis and high dimension visualization have been done to analyse and compare the result between fresh ester oil taken from tank and the similar ester oil that mixed with nanoparticles. The results suggest that ester oil mixed with nanoparticles of 0.02 % by volume performs well compared to other samples.
Mineral oils are are derived from petroleum which is a non-renewable and non-sustainable source, and therefore there is a critical need to develop alternative insulation oils for use in transformers. Ester oils offer a number of benefits over mineral oils such as good biodegradability, high cooling stability, good oxidation stability and excellent insulation performance. Nowadays, nanotechnology has become one of the most important research fields in both the academia and industry and it has been shown in previous studies that nanoscale materials are beneficial for transformers. In this regard, the objective of this study is to compare the AC breakdown voltage of palm fatty acid ester (PFAE) oils mixed with iron oxide (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles. The PFAE-based nanofluids are prepared using two methods: (1) Method I (weight-based method whereby the concentration of the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>nanoparticles is 0.01 g/l) and (2) Method II (volume-fraction method whereby the concentration of the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>nanoparticles is 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03%). The AC breakdown voltage test is conducted on the PFAE-based nanofluids in accordance with the ASTM D1816 standard test method. Weibull statistical analysis is carried out to analyse the AC breakdown voltage of fresh PFAE oil and PFAE-based nanofluids. It is found that there is enhancement of the AC breakdown voltage for all PFAE-based nanofluids with the exception of with the exception of one sample prepared using Method II (0.01% Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>nanoparticles).
Mineral oils are are derived from petroleum which is a non-renewable and non-sustainable source, and therefore there is a critical need to develop alternative insulation oils for use in transformers. Ester oils offer a number of benefits over mineral oils such as good biodegradability, high cooling stability, good oxidation stability and excellent insulation performance. Nowadays, nanotechnology has become one of the most important research fields in both the academia and industry and it has been shown in previous studies that nanoscale materials are beneficial for transformers. In this regard, the objective of this study is to compare the AC breakdown voltage of palm fatty acid ester (PFAE) oils mixed with iron oxide (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles. The PFAE-based nanofluids are prepared using two methods: (1) Method I (weight-based method whereby the concentration of the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>nanoparticles is 0.01 g/l) and (2) Method II (volume-fraction method whereby the concentration of the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>nanoparticles is 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03%). The AC breakdown voltage test is conducted on the PFAE-based nanofluids in accordance with the ASTM D1816 standard test method. Weibull statistical analysis is carried out to analyse the AC breakdown voltage of fresh PFAE oil and PFAE-based nanofluids. It is found that there is enhancement of the AC breakdown voltage for all PFAE-based nanofluids with the exception of with the exception of one sample prepared using Method II (0.01% Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>nanoparticles).
Distribution transformer in Malaysian electricity network is categorized as major element on delivering electricity throughout the nation. Advanced diagnostic tools are used to monitor any technical problem of transformer to sustain its capability in the long run. One type of it which is currently being used in worldwide is Frequency Response Analysis (FRA). The reliability from this method is proven worldwide in diagnosing transformer condition especially a mechanical movement. FRA technique is done by comparing the response result in transformer initial condition to its current condition. The interpretation of transformer condition from the response is based on frequency sub-bands. Each frequency sub-bands are indicating any movement parts of transformer and electrical faults. Currently, there are three worldwide standards established for interpreting the FRA results but both of them are different in frequency sub-bands range. Up to now, there are no research papers comparing the fault detection capabilities from frequency sub-bands range for both standards. In this paper, comparative study is done to visualize and interpret the capabilities from three standards (IEEE Std C57.149 2012, DL/T911-2004 and Cigre WG A2/26); by focus on the frequency sub-bands range.
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