Calcium (Ca) plays important role in plant development and response to various environmental stresses. However, its involvement in mitigation of heavy metal stress in plants remains elusive. In this study, we examined the effect of Ca (50 mM) in controlling cadmium (Cd) uptake in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants exposed to toxic levels of Cd (200 mg L−1 and 300 mg L−1). The Cd treatment showed substantial decrease in plant height, root length, dry weight, pigments and protein content. Application of Ca improved the growth and biomass yield of the Cd-stressed mustard seedlings. More importantly, the oil content of mustard seeds of Cd-stressed plants was also enhanced with Ca treatment. Proline was significantly increased in mustard plants under Cd stress, and exogenously sprayed Ca was found to have a positive impact on proline content in Cd-stressed plants. Different concentrations of Cd increased lipid peroxidation but the application of Ca minimized it to appreciable level in Cd-treated plants. Excessive Cd treatment enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase, which were further enhanced by the addition of Ca. Additionally, Cd stress caused reduced uptake of essential elements and increased Cd accumulation in roots and shoots. However, application of Ca enhanced the concentration of essential elements and decreased Cd accumulation in Cd-stressed plants. Our results indicated that application of Ca enables mustard plant to withstand the deleterious effect of Cd, resulting in improved growth and seed quality of mustard plants.
cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. is an important grain legume grown in the dry agro-ecologies of the tropics with considerably low yield due to lack of improved varieties, aggravated by prevalent narrow genetic base. thus, induced mutagenesis was employed using sodium azide and gamma rays to increase genetic variability in cowpea genotypes that resulted in isolation of eleven high yielding mutant lines at the M 4 generation from the genetic background of cowpea varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578. In order to analyze the induced genetic divergence among the mutant lines and parent genotypes, biochemical and molecular characterization was carried out with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), simple sequence repeat (SSR) and cAAt box derived polymorphism (cBDp) markers. Activity of nitrate reductase (nR) and content of chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein and mineral were found to be significantly high in the selected mutant lines compared to their respective parent genotypes. SDS-PAGE profile of seed proteins generated 54 and 28 polymorphic bands and a total polymorphism of 62.06 and 41.17% in Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively. SSR primers amplified a total of 16 and 24 polymorphic bands with an average polymorphism of 20.69 and 50.74% in Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, respectively. CBDP markers, used for the first time in mutagenized population, generated 175 bands with 77 bands being polymorphic in Gomati VU-89 and 121 bands with 59 bands being polymorphic in Pusa-578. Physiological, biochemical and molecular profiling of the selected promising mutants lines showed that Gomati VU-89-G and Pusa-578-C are genetically most diverged high yielding genotypes with significant increase in protein and micronutrient content, therefore, could be recommended for further research considerations. thus, the favorable combination of genes induced in the novel cowpea mutants selected through the present study are valuable to correspond farmers requirements for new improved cultivars (direct or hybrids).Pulses are the chief components of the agricultural system, effectively boosting food and nutrition, revenue and environment across the globe and hence assumed ideal for acquiring food security in the developing world including India. Even though India is the leading producer of pulses with 26% of the total world production harvested at about 35% of the total world area, yet a prominent yield gap of 18% exists and one of the leading importer nation 1 . Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is a vital leguminous crop growing in the semi-arid tropics of Asia, Africa, Southern Europe, Southern United States, and Central and South America 2 . Cowpea leaves, green pods, and grains are excellent dietary source of protein, thus used as food and feed for healthy growth of both humans and livestock 3 . Cowpea is reportedly considered to be first originated and domesticated in Southern Africa, and later spread to east and West Africa and Asia 4 . Worldwide about 6.5 million metric tons of cowpea are produc...
Breeding of pulses, especially chickpea, by exploiting genetic diversity using conventional methods has been practiced in the past. Nevertheless, these methods at present are inadequate for making any significant breakthrough to handle the world's ever-increasing food demand. In this bizarre scenario, induced mutations have emerged as big relief, and are largely exploited for developing improved high-yielding crop varieties and for discovering desired genes that control important agronomical traits. Gene mutation, leading to the quality advancement of well-adapted existing varieties, has been the pedestal for germplasm improvement. Pulses are more prone to biotic and abiotic stresses as compared to cereals. As a result, there is a serious need to develop such varieties having high resistance to the above-mentioned stresses. During the past eight and a half decades, around 3,139 improved crop varieties have been released globally derived either as direct mutants or from their progenies (http://mvgs.iaea.org). Vast numbers of these varieties like cereals, pulses, oil crops, root and tuber crops and ornamentals have been released in developing countries for cultivation, including India, resulting in massive economic impact. Lately, mutagenesis has received an immense impel for its use in a newfangled promising technique known as targeting induced local lesions in genomes. With the unfolding of novel biological fields such as genomics, functional genomics, bioinformatics and the emergence of other technologies based on these sciences, there has been an increased surge in induced mutations within the scientific community. The knowledge of functional and basic genetics of model legume crops will benefit chickpea breeders to comprehend that marker-assisted selection has great potential to develop biotic and abiotic stress-resistant varieties. The basic understanding of genes, which direct major agronomical traits, is essential for plant breeders to frame apposite approaches and execute them in breeding programmes for promising results. In this era, with growing human population, hunger ghosts are haunting millions of people all around. Under these circumstances, the salvaging step lies in tailoring better crop varieties embedded with superior proteins, minerals and high yield. Mutagenic agents, physical as well as chemical, are used to induce mutations and generate variations from which desired mutants may be selected. However, basic information vis-à-vis effectiveness of various mutagens and their possible role in generating polygenic variability is meagre among pulses in general and chickpea in particular. Hence, the present review condenses various facets of contemporary knowledge for pulse crop varietal improvement, particularly chickpea, through induced mutagenesis with special thrust on qualitative as well as yieldattributing traits.
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