Structural optimization was important nowadays in getting the optimum design and usage of the material use, where size optimization is part of it. This research is focusing on the application of size optimization on steel wheel rim. Existing steel wheel rim dimension was measured and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was done to get actual dimension and mechanical properties (stresses), as baseline data. CAD modelling on steel wheel rim was done using Pro-Engineer/Creo 1.0. One structural element was selected to be optimized. Then optimization program was generated using MAPLE to get optimum value (size). Steel wheel rim will be re-modelled with optimum size to get optimum design. FEA was done again on optimized steel wheel rim to compare with actual steel wheel rim data. Optimized steel wheel rim was showing better in mechanical stress with optimum size (minimize the weight and volume).
This paper studies the estimation of titanium oxide (TiO2) thickness on a thermally oxidized nickel titanium (NiTi) alloy based on its surface color. The NiTi plate specimens were subjected to oxidation at temperatures from 450 °C to 900 °C for different duration to induce the formation of oxide layers of different thicknesses. The oxide thickness of the specimens oxidized from 650 °C to 900 °C was measured by means of scanning electron microscopy. A fitting curve was generated from the measured thicknesses, and further extrapolated to predict the oxide thickness for specimens heated at lower temperature of 450 °C to 600 °C. The oxide thickness estimation was done using thin‐film optical interference, with reference to the observed color of the oxidized surface. The thin‐film optical interference approach showed accurate measurement of oxide thickness as compared to the extrapolated data, highlighting the applicability of this measurement technique.
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