The Journal of Agricultural Education (JAE) requires authors to follow the guidelines stated in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association [APA] (2009) in preparing research manuscripts, and to utilize accepted research and statistical methods in conducting quantitative research studies. The APA recommends the reporting of effect sizes in quantitative research, when appropriate. JAE now requires the reporting of effect size when reporting statistical significance in quantitative manuscripts. The purposes of this manuscript are to describe the research foundation supporting the reporting of effect size in quantitative research and to provide examples of how to calculate effect size for some of the most common statistical analyses utilized in agricultural education research. Recommendations for appropriate effect size measures and interpretation are included. The assumptions and limitations inherent in the reporting of effect size in research are also incorporated.
Developing students' Interpersonal Skills is a core element of any well-designed Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) particularly in this present era. This is couple with the fact that Interpersonal skills are among the crucial skills preferred in the world of work setting for the betterment of both employer and employee. Over the years, employers of labour have drastically observed decline in interpersonal capabilities of high school graduate for meeting the 21 st century workplace's challenges. However, abundant literatures have indicated the potential roles of service-learning in providing students to achieve knowledge, cognitive skills (discipline specific Skills) and core employability skills specifically the interpersonal skills required in 21 st century workplaces. It is on this regard that this library work shed light on the concept of interpersonal skills, concept of service-learning, influence of service-learning in TVE for improving students' interpersonal skills and the needs of interpersonal skills in TVE related job places. In conclusion, the paper discloses that the fact that there is crucial demand for TVE graduates to posses interpersonal skills and other work skills for effective job performance in the competitive global work environment, it was finally recommended that in order to ensure no skills gap, educators in TVE training institutions, should equip the forthcoming TVE graduates with the necessary skills for employment by lying more emphasize on renown and superior instructional pedagogies such as the Service-Learning.
The service industry provides distributive services, producer services, personal services, and social services. These services largely breakdowns due to restrictions on border movements, confined travel and transportation services, a decline in international tourists’ visitation, nationwide lockdowns, and maintaining social distancing in the population. Although these measures are highly needed to contain coronavirus, it decreases economic and financial activities in a country, which requires smart solutions to globally subsidize the services sector. The study used different COVID-19 measures, and its resulting impact on the services industry by using world aggregated data from 1975 through 2020. The study benefited from the Keynesian theory of aggregate demand that remains provided a solution to minimize economic shocks through stringent or liberalizing economic policies. The COVID-19 pandemic is more severe than the financial shocks of 2018 that affected almost all sectors of the globalized world, particularly the services sector, which has been severally affected by COVID-19; it is a high time to revisit economic policies to control pandemic recession. The study used quantiles regression and innovation accounting matrix to obtain ex-ante and ex-post analysis. The quantile regression estimates show that causes of death by communicable diseases, including COVID-19, mainly decline the share of services value added to the global GDP at different quantiles distribution. In contrast, word-of-mouth helps to prevent it from the transmission channel of coronavirus plague through information sharing among the general masses. The control of food prices and managing physical distancing reduces suspected coronavirus cases; however, it negatively affects the services sector’s value share. The smart lockdown and sound economic activities do not decrease coronavirus cases, while they support increasing the percentage of the services sector to the global GDP. The innovation accounting matrix suggested that smart lockdown, managing physical distancing, effective price control, and sound financial activities will help to reduce coronavirus cases that will further translate into increased services value-added for the next ten years. The social distancing will exert a more considerable variance error shock to the services industry, which indicates the viability of these measures to contained novel coronavirus over a time horizon. The study used the number of proxies to the COVID-19 measures on the service sector that can be continued with real-time variables to obtain more inferences.
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