Site surface characterization is an important factor to identify a suitable area for riverbank filtration (RBF) location. However, selecting the suitable area for RBF location using conventional methods is costly and time consuming, usually restricted to a small area. In this research, a site suitability for RBF location methodology was proposed using spatial data techniques to determine the site suitability of the potential RBF location in Kota Lama Kiri, Kuala Kangsar study area. A high resolution GeoEye-1 satellite imagery acquired in 2012 was classified using the supervised classification process for land cover. The classified image was further analyze using overlaying, buffering and Boolean analysis, to identify the suitable site for RBF based on location, distance from the river and distant from built-up area. In addition, the geology and hydrological data were extracted from published maps, which were then converted and integrated into GIS spatial database. The results show that the classified GeoEye-1 image produces the overall accuracies of 83.50% % with kappa statistic value of 0.806. The site suitability map for the potential RBF locations in the study area were produced confirms the location of an existing RBF well developed by Lembaga Air Perak (LAP). The methodology can be readily used to provide information of suitability area for RBF location in which can be used by water supply management to locate the RBF well for extraction purposes.
A geophysical method was used in studying the subsurface profile for investigating the aquifer existence at Jenderam Hilir, Selangor, Malaysia. The 2-D electrical resistivity technique is to determine the presence of aquifer suitable for groundwater abstraction. Resistivity was measured through an ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter and ABEM Terrameter LS. 2-D electrical-imaging resistivity data of subsurface profile for each survey line were calculated inverse modelling, validate by borehole data which showed the lithology: sandy clay to sandy silt sediments more than 3 m deep, composed of alternating layers of silty and sand. The aquifer potential are mostly in silty sand zones which resistivity value should be within 60-800 ohm-m. Based on interpretation, a potential water-bearing aquifer was located at a depth of 3 m and below which is good agreement with interpreted results. 2-D underwater resistivity survey lines were conducted across the ground and river. Resistivity image was interpreted as silty sand under the river bed, which the subsurface aquifer on land has a physical contact with surface water. Result has shown that ground and underwater resistivity technique can be used as alternative method in finding a good location for groundwater abstraction.
Transient electromagnetic (TEM) sounding technology is known for its capability in detecting resistive zones, especially those associated with fresh water. Nevertheless, to date, there have been no available studies that have employed TEM for riverbank filtration (RBF) application. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the capability of TEM technology in profiling the subsurface of RBF areas adjacent to Sungai Perak, Kota Lama Kiri, Kuala Kangsar. A total of 27 survey points of simple rectangular loop configuration with loop area of 100 m2 (10 m × 10 m) were executed in the study area. A suite of TerraTEM equipment was used for the data acquisition process. The inversion and interpretation processes were then conducted by using the modeling program of ‘TDEM Geomodel’ and Surfer 13. The results showed four 2-D resistivity cross-section (depth–distance) profiles with their corresponding geological units. The interpretation results indicated that the subsurfaces of the study area were identified as alluvial-type soils (with a range of 10 to 40 Ωm) up to 8 m due to the presence of silt, sand and gravel. Based on the good quality results produced as well as its convenience, it is recommended that the TEM method is used for RBF exploration in future work.
Identifying the subsurface profile for riverbank/bed filtration (RBF) using conventional methods such as drilled boreholes is usually labor intensive, costly and acquires only 1-D profiling. Hence, a 2-D ground resistivity method was used as an alternative to obtain a 2-D subsurface profile by extending to 200 m length at Kota Lama Kiri, Kuala Kangsar, Perak site area. Four resistivity survey lines (200 m each) with minimum electrode spacing of 5 m were executed at the site area. The Wenner-Schlumberger array protocol was applied for acquisition data process. The resistivity data were then processed and interpreted using RES2DINV software. The results show the approximate 2-D pseudo-section image of the subsurface resistivity distribution with different soil types. The interpretation of results reveals that the site area consists of two main layers: (a) sand and gravel (300–750 Ωm) from 0 to 10 m depth, and (b) weathered rock (0–350 Ωm) within 10 to 40 m depth. It found that the first layer (0–10 m depth) belongs to the alluvial aquifer type and has a relatively high permeability, thus suitable for RBF. This method is believed to be able to give great assistance for selecting the suitable area for RBF in the future.
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