Nowadays, in the hospital, cervical cancer is in the higher rank (number 2) of the most popular cancer among ladies in the world. This cancer develops in the woman’s cervix which the womb is the entrance. Mostly, doctors in the hospital having trouble to identify the cancer cell because the nucleus of the cell is sometimes slightly hard to observe with eyes. The nucleus of the normal cell is in a smaller size compared to the abnormal nucleus. The abnormal nucleus has a bigger size, which sometimes, the size cannot be identified accurately by seeing with bare eyes to classify the stages of cervical cancer. This is because every doctor has different perspectives to observe the classification of the stages of cancer by observing the nucleus without accurate dimensionality reduction in the accuracy of the classifier. Recently, many researchers proposed a method to detect and classify the Pap smear cell images for cervical cancer diagnosis. This approach may improve the accuracy of the detection and the classification which to show better performance with the balance data and samples precisely. Some of the patients got the result that they are on stage 2, however after re-testing, they actually on stage 4 which the chance to heal is very low. This happens because the doctor can’t find the accurate balance data and sample precisely. In this paper, a comprehensive review of cervical detection based on segmentation nucleus and classification was studied.
In this paper, a novel compact tree-design antenna (NCTA) for ultra-wideband (UWB) application with high gain and impedance matching improvement is analyzed and presented. The novel antenna is composed of a single centered circle connected to seven outer circles via three bridges with partial ground plane execution. Instead of functioning as filters, these seven circles play a major role in producing UWB's frequency resonant of 3.3 to 10.8 GHz with a minimum reflection coefficient of −10 dB (|S 11 | < −10 dB). Furthermore, this compact antenna structure (38 mm × 38 mm) which is fed by the microstrip line generates a high gain of up to 5.5 dBi. Moreover, the proposed tree-design antenna possesses a linear polarization with a proficient omni-directional radiation pattern at 3.5 and 5 GHz and a divisive radiation pattern at 7.5 and 10 GHz. The parametric study performed for the purpose of antenna compaction is emphasized in the details of this research. The numerical and measurement results exhibit the success of the antenna's performance. The attainable NCTA is sufficiently competent to be an initial structure consideration for the future Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) development.
Multiple-input-multiple-output array antenna integrated with the double negative metamaterial superstrate is presented. The triangular metamaterial unit cell is designed by combining two triangular elements positioned in complementary on the same plane at different sizes. Such design with more gaps is used to excite rooms for more capacitance effects to shift the resonance frequency thus enlarging the bandwidth of the MIMO antenna. The unit cell is arranged in 7×7 periodic array created a superstrate metamaterial plane where the Cstray is existed in parallel between the two consecutive cells. It is found that the existence of Cstray and gaps for each unit cells significantly influenced the bandwidth of MIMO antenna. The higher value of the capacitance will lead to the negativity of permittivity. The superstrate plane is then located on top of the 4×2 MIMO with the gap of 5mm. The integration resulted in improving the bandwidth to 12.45% (5.65-6.4GHz) compared to only 3.49% bandwidth (5.91-6.12GHz) of the MIMO antenna itself. Moreover, the negative permeability characteristic is created by strong magnetic field between the complementary unit cells to have 14.05dBi peak gain. Besides that, the proposed antenna managed to minimize the mutual coupling and improve the MEG, ECC and multiplexing efficiency.
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