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Key Points Question Is the general vegetation level of a residential area, referred to as residential greenness, associated with cardiovascular disease among adults, and does the presence of cardiometabolic disorders mediate or modify the association between residential greenness and cardiovascular disease? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 24 845 adults in China, residential areas with higher greenness levels were associated with a lower likelihood of cardiovascular disease. The presence of cardiometabolic disorders partially mediated the association between residential greenness and cardiovascular disease. Meaning The study’s findings may be helpful for health care professionals and policy makers in the development of strategies, such as planning for green spaces in residential areas, to mitigate the burden of cardiovascular disease.

Evidence on the associations between airborne particulates of diameter ≤1 μm (PM 1 ) and airborne particulates of diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) and childhood blood pressure (BP) is scarce. To help to address this literature gap, we conducted a study to explore the associations in Chinese children. Between 2012 and 2013, we recruited 9354 children, aged 5 to 17 years, from 62 schools in 7 northeastern Chinese cities. We measured their BP with a mercury sphygmomanometer. We used a spatiotemporal model to estimate daily ambient PM 1 and PM 2.5 exposures, which we assigned to participants’ home addresses. Associations between particulate matter exposure and BP were evaluated with generalized linear mixed regression models. The findings indicated that exposure to each 10 mg/m 3 greater PM 1 was significantly associated with 2.56 mm Hg (95% CI, 1.47–3.65) higher systolic BP and 61% greater odds for hypertension (odds ratio=1.61 [95% CI, 1.18–2.18]). PM 1 appears to play an important role in associations reported between PM 2.5 exposure and BP, and we found that the ambient PM 1 /PM 2.5 ratio (range, 0.80–0.96) was associated with BP and with hypertension. Age and body weight modified associations between air pollutants and BP ( P <0.01), with stronger associations among younger (aged ≤11 years) and overweight/obese children. This study provides the first evidence that long-term exposure to PM 1 is associated with hypertension in children, and that PM 1 might be a leading contributor to the hypertensive effect of PM 2.5 . Researchers and policy makers should pay closer attention to the potential health impacts of PM 1 .

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