Background. Despite the rise in prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking, it has received little legislative enforcement from governing bodies, especially in the area of health warning labels. Methods. Twenty regular waterpipe tobacco smokers from London took part in five focus groups discussing the impact of waterpipe tobacco pack health warnings on their attitudes towards waterpipe smoking. We presented them with existing and mock waterpipe tobacco products, designed to be compliant with current and future UK/EU legislation. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results. Participants felt packs were less attractive and health warnings were more impactful as health warnings increased in size and packaging became less branded. However, participants highlighted their lack of exposure to waterpipe tobacco pack health warnings due to the inherent nature of waterpipe smoking, that is, smoking in a café with the apparatus already prepacked by staff. Health warnings at the point of consumption had more reported impact than health warnings at the point of sale. Conclusions. Waterpipe tobacco pack health warnings are likely to be effective if compliant with existing laws and exposed to end-users. Legislations should be reviewed to extend health warning labels to waterpipe accessories, particularly the apparatus, and to waterpipe-serving premises.

Many public health messages benchmark the harms of waterpipe tobacco against those of cigarettes, usually using numerical magnitudes of risk. This approach, although well intentioned, could be perceived as alarmist, damaging scientific credibility, and giving an unintended impression that one tobacco product is less harmful than the other. This commentary makes clear the harm waterpipe tobacco smoking poses to public health by describing its mechanism of use, consumption uptake, toxicologic profile, and documented health outcomes, as well as challenge existing thinking that toxicologic assessments are the most appropriate way to frame waterpipe tobacco health promotion messages. How can we describe the health effects of waterpipe tobacco without undermining its toxicity nor falling into the temptation of alarmist messaging? Several recommendations are provided.

Publications are an important tool to measure one's success and achievement in academia. They can help propel a career forward and move one into a position of leadership. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate changes in bibliometric variables, authorship, and collaboration trends in the Journal of Orthopaedic Research (JOR®), since its inception in 1983. A bibliometric analysis was completed for all manuscripts meeting the inclusion criteria (638), which were published throughout the inaugural year plus one representative year of each decade. Several parameters were investigated including numbers of manuscripts, authors, collaborating institutions/countries, references, pages, and citations; region of origin and gender of authors over time and by region were main focuses. Significant increases over time were observed in all bibliometric variables analyzed except in the number of pages and citations. There was an approximate 27% point increase for both female first and corresponding authors from 1983 to 2015. While this is most likely due to the increase in the number of women that have entered the field over time, similar increases in the percentage of women holding positions on the JOR editorial board or in leadership positions within in the field may have also contributed to improvements in gender parity. Understanding changes in publishing characteristics over time, by region, and by gender are critical, especially with the rising demands of publishing in academia. JOR has seen increase in most variables analyzed, including improvements in authorship by women in the field of orthopaedic research. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.

No abstract

Background and Aim: Osteoarthritis is now firmly establish as public health problem. It is the most disabling diseases in many countries. Knee osteoarthritis is regarded as the most common form of the disease in adults. Elderly women are more affect by this disorder. From the available evidences, it is now reasonable to consider this disease as one of the most important among the chronic diseases and investigation for the risk factors that are associated with this disorder is very important. Aim of study to assess risk factors of osteoarthritis of the knee joint among women. Material and method: Case control study, where 200 women with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis proved by physical examinations and radiological evidences were allocate as cases. In addition, 200 women proved to be without clinical or radiological evidence of knee osteoarthritis were allocate as controls. The study was applied from 15 th November 2013 to 7 th april 2014. Questionnaire which focus on the distribution of the study population according to personal characteristics such as (Family history, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, walk long, employment and urban), life events as (previous trauma, stress previous surgery),other variables such as (BMI, DM, HT, genitourinary, calcium intake). Results:Smoking appeared in this study to be highly associated with knee osteoarthritis at (p-value =0.007), Sedentary lifestyle associated with development of knee Osteoarthritis (P-value =0.000).Unhealthy calcium intake was highly associated with development of knee osteoarthritis(P-Value=0.000),Walking for long distances appeared unexpected negatively associated with occurrence of knee Osteoarthritis(P-value=0.84). Employment appears unexpected negative associated with occurrence of knee Osteoarthritis (p-value= 0.129). Conclusion: Obese Women, diabetes mellitus, genitourinary infection, stress and previous surgery are the high risk for developing knee osteoarthritis, while hypertensive women or women with previous trauma has low risks for developing knee osteoarthritis. Recommendation: the study recommended avoiding sitting for long times, apply exercise regularly and encourage calcium intake for women to decrease the incidence of knee osteoarthritis.

Background & Objetives: colonoscopy is an invasive method that is painful for patient especially for children. The objective of this research was investigation into the effect of supermint oral drop (peppermint essence) on the patient and colonoscopist group satisfaction during colonoscopy. Material & Methods: In this clinical trial study, 101 children candidate colonoscopy (7-14 years old) in children's medical center were randomly divided into two groups, case(n=51) and control(n=50) respectively. Control group received placebo and about half an hour before the colonoscopy control group case group was administrated 20 oral drops Supermint oil (peppermint oil). A standard questionnaire was filled after the colonoscopy for satisfaction of the patient and colonoscopist group. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11.5 (T-test and Corraletion). Results: Two percents in control group and 54.9% in case group have a great degree of satisfaction. Besides, degrees of satisfaction in case group was 64.7% that significantly difference with those of control group (2%) (p<0.05). Mean value of pain, duration of colonoscopy in control group was 5/60+1/85 and in case group was 4/20+1/70 and this difference was significant(p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that drop Supermint oil on pain relief have a positive influence in during colonoscopy in children, so peppermint essence causes increase in satisfaction in both patient and colonoscopy group.

No abstract

Background and Aim: Internal fixation is a surgical intervention in orthopedics that involves the surgical implementation of doing a manegments and repairing for bone, this concept starting in the mid of 19th century and was made a doable as routine surgical treatment in the mid of20th century , that operation may be made by special equpment like stainless steel or titanium, the study assessed outcome of internal fixation. Material and method: cross-sectional (descriptive) design, 110 patients were participate in this study which conducted at Al-Salam Hospital Teaching and Al-Jumhory Teaching Hospital from 10 th December 2013 to 7 th April 2014, The study tool composed of three parts; part one demographic characteristics of the patients including age, gender, residence, past history (family history, medical history) and economic status, Part Two; Fractures classification consist of five items; types of fractures location of fracture mechanism of trauma, duration of internal fixation and Part Three(Internal fixation outcome)consist of three items (complete healing without complication, failure of internal fixation, delayed definitive fixation). Results:80.9 of patients was suffering from complete fracture, Femur was the most commonly location of fracture which constitute 56.3% of patients, the majority of fractures were caused by blunt and motor vehicle collisions constitute 40.9% and 31.8% respectively. More than half of the patients were achieved internal fixation without complications while 43.8% of patients were suffered from joint stiffness more than one month post-operatively. Conclusion: rigged internal fixation lead to good healing therefore more than half of patients was completely healing with variation in time, while failure of internal fixation was about quarter of study sample caused by complication. Recommendation: Encourage to use internal fixation procedure less than 30 days after fractures and applying internal fixation for more than one year to avoid nonunion complication.