Morocco constitutes an important centre of plant diversity and speciation in the Mediterranean Basin. However, numerous species are threatened by issues ranging from human activities to global climatic change. In this study, we present the conservation assessments and Red Listing of the endemic Moroccan monocotyledons according to International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria and categories. For each species, we include basic taxonomic information, local names and synonyms, uses, a distribution map, extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, population size and trend, a description of habitats and ecological requirements, and a discussion of the threats affecting the species and habitats. We assessed the threatened status of the endemic Moroccan monocotyledons at the species level (59 species) using the IUCN Red List criteria and categories (Version 3.1). This study shows the high extinction risk to the Moroccan monocotyledon flora, with 95% of threatened species (20% Critically Endangered, 50% Endangered, 25% Vulnerable) and only 5% not threatened (2% Near Threatened and 3% Least Concern). The flora is thus of conservation concern, which is poorly recognized, both nationally and internationally. The study presents the first part and so far the only national IUCN Red Data List for a large group of Moroccan plants, and thus provides an overview of the threatened Moroccan flora. This IUCN Red List is an important first step towards the recognition of the danger to Moroccan biodiversity hotspots, conservation of threatened species and the raising of public awareness at national and international levels.

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RÉSUMÉ. Diversité floristique du Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental et des massifs Ayachi etMaâsker (Maroc). Etant donné la rareté des études sur le Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental et lesmassifs Ayachi et Maâsker, les connaissances sur la diversité floristique de ces régions, très accidentées,étaient très insuffisantes et fragmentaires. Actuellement la flore vasculaire du Parc, jbels Ayachi etMaâsker est estimée respectivement à 227, 140 et 96 espèces; la flore rare, menacée et/ou endémiqueconstitue une part importante. Le nombre d’endémiques dans le Parc (espèces et sous espèces)représente 6.8 % de l’ensemble des endémiques marocaines. Ce nombre est très important dans l’Ayachiavec 7.5 %. Dans le Maâsker, le nombre d’endémiques est évalué à 3.9 % de l’ensemble des endémiquesmarocaines. La flore rare (espèces et sous-espèces) est représentée par 3.6 % de la flore totale duParc, 4 % de la flore totale du jbel Ayachi et 4 % de la flore totale du jbel Maâsker. Par contre le tauxde la flore très rare est faible, respectivement de l’ordre de 1.9 %, 2 % et 2.4 %.Mots clés. Diversité floristique, Endémisme, Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental, Maroc.SUMMARY. Flora diversity of the National Park of the Eastern High Atlas and the massifs Ayachiand Mâasker (Morocco). Considering the rare studies on the Eastern High Atlas National Park, Ayachiand Mâasker mountains, the knowledge on the flora diversity of these regions were very insufficient.Their flora is estimated currently 227, 140 and 96 species. The rare flora, threatened and/or endemicconstitutes an important part. The number of endemics in the Park (species and subspecies) represents6.8% of the endemics of Morocco. This number is very important in Ayachi (7.5%). In Maasker, thenumber of endemics is about 3.9% of the endemic of Morocco. The rare flora (species and subspecies)in the Park, Ayachi and Maasker is represented respectively by 3.6%, 4%, and 4%. On the other handthe very rare flora is poor respectively 1.9%, 2% and 2.4%.Key words. Flora diversity, Endemism, National Park of Eastern High Atlas, Morocco.

Leaf traits functional relationship is particularly important in plant ecological strategies, but few data are available from Mediterranean highaltitude environments. We analysed leaf general patterns and leaf trait relationships in 84 perennial species on the High Atlas, Morocco. We examined the correlation amongst leaf size, leaf width and length, plant height and seed size, analysed multi-trait relationships using Structural Equation Models and tested leaf size variation amongst growth forms (functional groups). Species spanned 10 3 range of leaf size (sub-lepto-to microphylls). Nanophylls (48.8%) were dominant and over-represented in half-shrubs. Tree and rosette herbs were more likely to have large leaf size (nano-micro-and microphylls), whereas shrubs have medium leaf size (nano-micro-and nanophylls) and cushion and half-shrubs have small (sub-lepto-to nanophylls) and narrow leaves. Smallleaved species synchronized their leaf phenological activity with the dry summer months (May-August), and large-leaved species extended throughout the spring until the end of summer following the similar patterns found in lowland Mediterranean environments. Regarding woody species, our results showed a positive and significant relationship between leaf size and plant height and a non-significant relationship between leaf size and seed size. Structural Equation Models showed that variation in leaf size was triggered chiefly by changes in leaf form (leaf width) and plant height, seed size being of no relevance. In our study area, large-seeded species have a relatively wide range of leaf size. The hypothesis that the combination of large seeds and small leaves is allometrically unlikely (except for leptophyll Conifers) was supported in this study.Nomenclature: Flore Pratique du Maroc = Fennane et al.

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