Background: Spinal anesthesia with local anesthetic agents is extensively used. It provides excellent pain relief as compared to intravenous or epidural route. But spinal anesthesia has some complications; one of them is post spinal headache. Which may range from mild to severe, So there were many trials for treatment of this headache. Aim: Our aim was to study the efficiency of oral ergotamine versus theophylline in treatment of low tension post spinal headache.
Background: Vascular access infections in hemodialysis patients increase by 2-3 folds in central venous catheters compared to arteriovenous fistula or graft. Among these infections exit site infections, tunnel infections and catheterrelated bloodstream infections (CRBSI), are the most common complications. CRBSIs are major risk of hospitalization as well as mortality in hemodialysis patients. Objective: To study the epidemiology of central venous catheter related infections (CVC-RI), patterns of microbial infections and antibiotic sensitivity among our hemodialysis patients. Patients and methods: 94 ESRD patients on hemodialysis with temporary central venous catheter (CVC) inserted for more than 48 hours, monitored for the development of CVC related infections (CVC-RI) and divided into two main groups according to presence of catheter infection; (A) non-infected catheter patients and group (B) infected catheter patients Results: The rate of CVC-RI is high in our hemodialysis patients (42.5 %). There was a significant difference between the two studied groups as regard duration of HD and catheterization duration. Patients with evident catheter infections had significantly higher total leucocytic count (TLC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) values. There was a significant positive correlation between CRP with catheter duration and TLC. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent isolated bacteria. Vancomycin was the most common used antibiotic among infected patients. Conclusion: CVC-RI rate is high in our hemodialysis patients (42.5 %). Prolonged duration of CVC usage and diabetes are major risk factors related to infections. Both S. aureus and Gram-negative micro-organisms were the most common organisms found in our study. Vancomycin and imipenem were the most common effective antibiotics according to our blood cultures.
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