We consider the politeness maxims implied in the discussion on refugees between Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Al-Hariri and French President Francois Hollande. Based on the approach of the six-maxims of politeness by G. Leach (1983), the study is aimed at recognizing these maxims, describing their forms and revealing the intended goals. Mutual understanding is considered as a key element of the pragmatic analysis of the selected two speeches. A thorough study of words, phrases and sentences was carried out in order to sort and highlight all forms of mutual understanding. We make a brief comparison of the two speeches in terms of mutual understanding and politeness. Firstly, the study presents the preliminary stages of studying the definition of key terms, examines politeness in detail, builds on Leach's theory of politeness, and reviews several related studies. Secondly, a sample of two speeches is selected, analyzed and examined for politeness. It is concluded that the two speeches studied are very sympathetic towards refugees and that the corresponding references contain several forms of courtesy rules. We note the difference between the Arab and European discourse about refugees and their suffering.
يتناول هذا البحث المصالحة من خلال تجسيد الذات والآخر في خطاب اوباما وخطاب السادات وذلك في اطار تحليلي نقدي. والمصالحة هي تحييد الصراعات أو الحروب أو النزاعات السابقة بين الدول أو الأطراف من أجل الوصول الى اتفاقات أو تنازلات تصب في مصلحة الطرفين وفي هذا السياق يتناول البحث نموذجين للمصالحة: الأول هو خطاب الرئيس المصري السادات عند زيارته لإسرائيل والثاني هو خطاب الرئيس الأميركي باراك أوباما في جامعة القاهرة عند زيارته لمصر. أراد السادات الوصول الى صلح مع إسرائيل بعد حرب عام 1973 بين مصر وبعض الدول العربية من جهة وإسرائيل من جهة أخرى أما أوباما فقد أراد أن يبدأ صفحة جديدة مع العالم العربي ودول المنطقة بعد فترة من الركود شهدت الكثير من تضارب المصالح واستخدام القوة. استخدم الباحث تجسيد الذات والآخر في تحليل خطاب الرئيسين إن تجسيد الذات والآخر هو الصورة الذهنية المتشكلة عند طرفي نزاع أو صراع أو حرب نتيجة لانعكاس أو نمط معين. يعرض البحث في البداية مدخل الى ماهية البحث ومجاله ومن ثم يتناول المصالحة باعتبارها توسط أو توافق بين طرفين متنازعين وبعد ذلك يستعرض البحث التحليل النقدي الخاص بصورة الذات والآخر وأثر هذا التجسيد على اتمام المصالحة. فضلاً عن ذلك، يعرض البحث بعض الدراسات السابقة التي تناولت المصالحة في الخطاب السياسي وفي السياق السياسي.
This research explores how language mediates Corona or Covid-19. To find out this phenomenon, a few Corona-related words, phrases, and structures are put into discussion. The paper, also, draws on the languaging of Corona, as a global disaster, with a highlight of the practices, attitudes, and discourses expressed over this disaster. First, the paper introduces a generic exposition on the various aspects of global disasters in terms of linguistic structures, which are all supported by some previous researches. Then, a broader interpretation of how language mediates Corona is elaborated. Finally, the paper states a few findings, conclusions, and further areas of research. Language plays a significant role in shaping disasters, and in this concern, the paper revealed that Corona pandemic is highly mediated at the lexical, meta-linguistic, and conceptual levels. Additionally, relating Corona to meta-linguistic aspects can underline a media-catastrophe link, one that may be worth a broader and further investigation.
Official Translation refers to the translation of official signboards which are found on government offices. In Iraq, signboards tagged on most government offices show considerable variation regarding translation; two or more offices tackling the same business show two different translations, as in College of Administration vs. College of Management, taking into account that these two institutions do the same business. The same applies to words such as Union, Federation and Association. Variant appear these words to be, yet they are used interchangeably to refer almost to the same sort of business. This phenomenon is noticeable on the signboards of most offices across Iraq. The present paper elaborates on the state of current translations, suggests alternative translations, reaches certain conclusions and finally proposes some recommendations that may help solve this problem.
This paper explores how academic webinars are translanguaged by drawing on the sort of linguistic strategies and techniques implicated in these webinars. The research, therefore, poses two key questions relevant to how knowledge is communicated and what strategies are used in this communication. The main hypothesis of the research maintains that academic webinars communicate knowledge from a single professional presenter to many knowledge-receiving attendees, based on a presupposed view that presenters and moderators in webinars adhere to certain linguistic and conversational moves. To explore how academic webinars proceed and what they imply, a single academic webinar is randomly sampled for analysis. First, academic webinars are analyzed, key terms defined, and some previous literature on the topic overviewed. Then, the sampled webinar is administered for analysis (gathering, transcription, analysis), and a discourse-conversational model of analysis is applied. The author concludes that webinars are knowledge-specific and highly professional in their character, and they manifest certain linguistic and discourse strategies. The research also reveals that webinars feature such strategies as reformulation, mono-versation, on-screen sharing, speaker invisibility, indirect engagement, inactive moderation, and graphic interaction. Further recommendations suggest a more linguistic investigation into online learning, whether in webinars, online workshops, massive open online courses, or in any virtual learning practices.
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