The rate of HIV transmission per coital act was highest during early-stage infection. This has implications for HIV prevention and for projecting the effects of antiretroviral treatment on HIV transmission.

In this community-based setting, detection of carcinogenic HPV was comparable among self- and physician-administered samples. Self-collection is a feasible and accurate means of obtaining HPV samples from women in resource-poor settings or persons reluctant to undergo a pelvic examination.

Use of hormonal contraception is not associated with HIV acquisition after adjustment for behavioral confounding.

Background: We used self-administered vaginal swabs to assess the incidence and clearance of carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in rural Rakai, Uganda. Methods: Women provided self-administered vaginal swab at annual home-based visits. Type-specific carcinogenic HPV incidence and clearance and risk factors were assessed. Results: Carcinogenic HPV incidence was 17.3 per 100 person-years among HIV-positive women compared with 7.0 per 100 person-years among HIV-negative women (P < 0.001). HPV-51 had the highest incidence followed by HPV-16 (1.8 per 100 and 1.5 per 100 personyears, respectively). In multivariate model, HIV-positive women were twice as likely to have incident infection compared with HIV-negative women. Younger women were at higher risk for incident infection,