The construction sector is responsible for the 40% of consumed resources, 40% of CO2 emissions, and approximately 40% of construction and demolition waste. For the assessment of the building, there exists a standardized method, life cycle assessment (LCA), however, the process requires time, cost, and most importantly expertise. In this paper, a method is proposed and analyzed for the life cycle assessment of the building for the embodied carbon in the three stages, construction, operation, and demolition. Moreover, the result of the analysis is considered as the base result, and de-carbonization strategies identified through literature study for the three stages of construction, operation, and demolition are assessed with the same method to know how much each strategy will be effective in minimizing the embodied carbon. For the base case, a high-rise residential building in an urban region of India is analyzed, based on existing conditions through the building information modeling (BIM) method. The carbon emission of the selected building comes out to be 414 kg CO2e/m2/year, and assessing different decarbonization strategies, considering the first analysis as the baseline, it can be minimized to 135 kg CO2e/m2/year.
The residential building sector of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is the primary consumer of energy consumption, using around 50% of the total amount of electricity KSA generates. Much of this is caused by the heavy demand for air conditioning due to the extremely high temperatures in the country. On the basis of KSA’s government initiatives, it is compulsory that new residential buildings adhere to strict energy codes. This study places its focus on analysing the ability of KSA’s new residential building envelope codes to successfully function according to the climate at present and in the future. In Jeddah, KSA, two single-family villas were examined with DesignBuilder simulation software and impacts of the new codes that were applied were assessed. Achieving the validation of the energy model requires the measurement of temperature indoors and outdoors. In addition, a long-term financial study was conducted to analyse the economic feasibility of the codes under the current and future climate change periods. Although the study shows the new codes produce a reduction in energy consumption by 14% to 40 % from the current cases, with the inclusion of wall and roof insulation being the most effective features of the new requirements of the codes. However, these codes cannot nullify the effect of future climate change.
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