In the modern world, a number of therapeutic proteins such as vaccines, antigens, and hormones are being developed utilizing different sophisticated biotechnological techniques like recombinant DNA technology and protein purification. However, the major glitches in the optimal utilization of therapeutic proteins and peptides by the oral route are their extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism, degradation in the gastrointestinal tract (presence of enzymes and pH-dependent factors), large molecular size and poor permeation. These problems can be overcome by adopting techniques such as chemical transformation of protein structures, enzyme inhibitors, mucoadhesive polymers and permeation enhancers. Being invasive, parenteral route is inconvenient for the administration of protein and peptides, several research endeavors have been undertaken to formulate a better delivery system for proteins and peptides with major emphasis on non-invasive routes such as oral, transdermal, vaginal, rectal, pulmonary and intrauterine. This review article emphasizes on the recent advancements made in the delivery of protein and peptides by a non-invasive (peroral) route into the body.

The topically administered drugs through conventional delivery systems have low bioavailability. Henceforth, the present study was designed to prepare and optimize clarithromycin (CTM)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) to demonstrate the efficacy against microorganisms. Methods: Clarithromycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CTM-CHNPs) were prepared by ionotropic gelation method. The formulation was optimized by box-Behnken design using the formulation variables like CH (A), STPP concentration (B), and stirring speed (C). Their effects were evaluated on the independent variables like particle size (Y 1) and entrapment efficiency (Y 2). Further, CTM-CHNPs were evaluated for physicochemical parameters, invitro drug release, ex-vivo permeation, bioadhesive study, corneal hydration, histopathology, HET-CAM, and antibacterial study. Results: The optimized formulation (CTM-CHNPopt) showed the low particle size (152±5 nm), which is desirable for ocular delivery. It also showed high encapsulation (70.05%), zeta potential (+35.2 mV), and was found in a spherical shape. The drug release study revealed a sustained drug release profile (82.98±3.5% in 12 hours) with Korsmeyer peppas kinetic (R 2 =0.996) release model. It showed a 2.7-fold higher corneal permeation than CTMsolution. CHNPs did not exhibit any sign of damage to excised goat cornea, which is confirmed by hydration, histopathology, and HET-CAM test. It exhibited significant (P<0.05) higher antibacterial susceptibility than CTM-solution. Conclusion: The finding of the study concluded that CTM-CHNPs can be used for effective management of bacterial conjunctivitis by increasing the precorneal residence time.

This research has shown that SIT-NPs based on experimental design offers a new and better approach to delivering SIT, thus encouraging further development of this formulation.

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: Herbal medicines are being used since ancient times and is an important part of alternative and traditional medicinal system. In recent decades scientists are embracing herbal medicines based on the fact that a number of drugs which are currently in use are derived directly or indirectly from plant sources. Moreover, herbal drugs have lesser side effects albeit are potentially strong therapeutic agents. The herbal medicine market is estimated to be around US $62 billion market globally. Herbal medicine has gained widespread acceptance due to its low toxicity, low cost, ease of accessibility and efficacy in treating difficult diseases. Safety and efficacy are another important factor in the commercialization process of herbal medicines. Nanotechnology have been shown to be potentially effective in improving the bioactivity and bioavailability of herbal medicines. Development of nano-phytomedicines (or by reducing the size of phytomedicine), attaching polymers with phytomedicines and modifying the surface properties of herbal drugs, increased the solubility, permeability and eventually the bioavailability of herbal formulations. Novel formulations such as niosomes, liposomes, nanospheres, phytosomes etc. can be exploited in this area. This article reviews herbal medicines which have prominent activity in Central Nervous System (CNS) disorder and reported nano-phytomedicines based delivery systems. Keywords: Nano formulation, phytomedicine, central nervous system, neurodegenerative disorder, nano-phytomedicines, herbal medicine.

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Background: The amalgamation of biological sciences with nano stuff has significantly expedited the progress of biological strategies, greatly promoting practical applications in biomedical fields. Objective: With distinct optical attributes (e.g., robust photostability, restricted emission spectra, tunable broad excitation, and high quantum output), fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) have been feasibly functionalized with manageable interfaces and considerably utilized as a new class of optical probe in biological investigations. Method: In this review article, we structured the current advancements in the preparation methods and attributes of QDs. Furthermore, we extend an overview of the outstanding potential of QDs for biomedical research and radical approaches to drug delivery. Conclusion: Notably, the applications of QDs as smart next-generation nanosystems for neuroscience and pharmacokinetic studies have been explained. Moreover, recent interests in the potential toxicity of QDs are also apprised, ranging from cell investigations to animal studies.

In spite of being characterised in the 1960s, human coronavirus still needs extensive studying for its better understanding. Since, the start of the new millennium corona viruses had caused pandemic. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were the first coronavirus outbreak which has resulted in socioeconomic and psychological losses in the past. The novel corona virus outbreak (COVID-19) needs lesson from our past experience in tackling the devastating situation. The population needs awareness about this novel virus during the current pandemic situation. In this article the author reviews the history of coronaviruses, its lifecycle and genomic structure, current pandemic situation, diagnosis of COVID-19, preventive measures, current medication and pipeline drugs and diagnostic kits.