Herbalism has a long custom of utilization outside of conventional medication. It is winding up more standard as enhancements in examination and quality control alongside propels in clinical research demonstrate the estimation of natural medication in the treating and averting illness. World Health Organization has detailed that over 60% of individuals are relying upon traditional medication. Plants had been utilized for therapeutic purposes well before any history were even created. Herbal medicines are one sort of dietary supplement. They are sold as tablets, capsules, powders, teas, extracts, and new or dried plants. This article focuses to enhance and prepare a comprehensive review on pharmacological, medicinal and traditional value of Cassia alata plant. Cassia species are outstanding plant broadly dispersed in India and other tropical nations. Diverse parts of the plant (leaves, seed, and root) are presumed for their medicinal values. Several chemical compounds such as anthraquinone glycosides, naphthopyrone glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids etc. have been isolated from this plant and well recognized traditional medicine as laxative and is effective for treatment of leprosy, ringworm infection, ophthalmic, skin diseases and liver disorders. The pharmacological, medicinal and traditional value reported in present review to confirm the therapeutic value of Cassia species to different developing countries. Therefore, this review may provide the compiled information which will guide to develop the novel agent for various disorders from Cassia species. Based on several scientific studies and review articles on Cassia alata species, this plant may suggest a gigantic biological potential.

BACKGROUND: Hyperthermia is used as an adjuvant treatment to sensitize cancer cells to subsequent radiotheraphy or chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to study the effect of severe hyperthermia on osteosarcoma cells and its underlying causes.METHODS: Short-term (1 h) severe hyperthermia (45°C) was applied to osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells (MG-63) and the heat shock response and cell death mechanisms were investigated after recovery at 37°C for 72 h.RESULTS: Cell viability was significantly reduced (p<0.05) and apoptosis was significantly induced by severe hyperthermia in MG-63 cells (p<0.001). Caspase 3/7, 4 and 12 activities were significantly increased after 72 h of recovery at 37°C, indicating that severe hyperthermia induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis (p<0.05). Heat shock protein 90 alpha (Hsp90α) was significantly down regulated at the protein level after recovery, in association with apoptosis induction (p<0.01). Additionally, caspase 8 and 9 were activated, possibly as a result of ER stress or other stimuli while, B-cell leukemia 2 family protein (BCL-2) mRNA was down regulated (p<0.01).CONCLUSION: Severe hyperthermia could cause prolonged cell cytotoxicity by inducing apoptosis in association with inhibition of Hsp90α. This indicates the therapeutic potential of severe hyperthermia for the treatment of osteosarcoma.KEYWORDS: hyperthermia, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum, stress, heat shock proteins, osteosarcoma

Objective: To investigate the effects of berberine chloride and hyperthermia on the expression of Osterix (Osx), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-11 genes. Methods: Osteosarcoma cells (MG-63 cells) were treated with three different hyperthermia conditions for 1 h: two groups with mild, two with moderate and two with severe hyperthermia (at 39, 43 and 45 °C, respectively). Berberine chloride (80 µg/ ml) was used for treating one group of mild, moderate and severe hyperthermia (combination). All treated groups were recovered at 37°C for 24 h. Another exposure to hyperthermia (1 h) and recovery at 37°C for 3 h were applied. Gene expression levels were then determined using RT 2 PCR profiler arrays. Results: The expression of Osx was highly upregulated in all groups except in the groups treated with severe hyperthermia and mild hyperthermia in combination with berberine chloride. Mild hyperthermia alone induced a slight increase in the expression of RUNX2, whereas severe hyperthermia significantly suppressed RUNX2 levels. Berberine alone significantly induces the up-regulation of RANKL expression. On the other hand, CDK2 mRNA was downregulated in all groups. CDK4 was equally regulated in mild hyperthermia compared to the control group. However, the expression was significantly downregulated in other groups, especially in severe hyperthermia. IL-6 was significantly upregulated in berberine group and all groups of combinations, whereas mild and moderate hyperthermia significantly induced the expression of IL-11 mRNA. Conclusions: Hyperthermia and berberine chloride can promote osteosarcoma cells differentiation and suppresses cell cycle genes.

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of berberine chloride and various heat conditions on the gene expression of Osterix, RUNX-2, RANKL, CDK2, CDK4, IL-6 and IL-11. Methods:  Six groups of cells were treated with hyperthermia for 1 h: Two groups at mild, two at moderate and two at severe hyperthermia (39, 43 and 45°C respectively). Berberine chloride (80 µg/mL) was selected for treating one group of mild, moderate and severe hyperthermia (combination). All treated groups were recovered at 37°C for 24 h. Another exposure for hyperthermia (1 h) and recovery for 3 h at 37°C were applied. Results: The expression of Osterix was highly upregulated in all groups except in the severe hyperthermia and mild hyperthermia with berberine groups. Only the mild hyperthermia without berberine induced a slight increase in the expression of RUNX2, whereas severe hyperthermia alone suppressed the levels on a significant manner. Berberine alone was more effective in significantly up-regulating RANKL expression. On the other hand, CDK2 mRNA was downregulated in all groups. CDK4 showed a similar regulation in the mild hyperthermia group with control, but the expression was downregulated in the other groups, especially in severe hyperthermia the expression was significantly downregulated (p<0.5). IL-6 was upregulated highly and significantly in the group of berberine and all groups of combinations, whereas mild and moderate hyperthermia stimulated significant expression of IL-11 mRNA. Conclusion:  These results suggest that hyperthermia and berberine chloride can promote osteosarcoma cells differentiation and arrest cell-cycle.