Myrrh is an essential oil and natural flavoring approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and it has antibacterial and antifungal activity against pathogens. Our objective was to determine the effect of an aqueous myrrh suspension on Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus counts in peptone solution and yogurt, as well as pH and titratable acidity of yogurt during 5 wk of storage at 1 to 4°C. The myrrh suspension (10% wt/vol) was prepared and incorporated into a pure culture dilution in peptone and into yogurt mix at a 1% (vol/vol) level. A control with no myrrh was also prepared, and 3 replications were conducted. Streptococcus thermophilus were enumerated using Streptococcus thermophilus agar with aerobic incubation at 37°C for 24 h, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus were enumerated using de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar adjusted to pH 5.2, with anaerobic incubation at 43°C for 72 h. During the 8-h period after inoculation, S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus counts in peptone solution at 37°C and 43°C, respectively, were not significantly different in the presence or absence of the aqueous myrrh suspension. Counts of S. thermophilus in yogurt containing myrrh (mean ± SD; 4.96 ± 0.58 log cfu/mL) were not significantly different from those in the control yogurt (4.87 ± 0.39 log cfu/mL). The log counts for L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in yogurt containing myrrh (5.04 ± 1.44 log cfu/mL) and those of the control (5.52 ± 1.81 log cfu/mL) did not differ, and the counts remained within 1 log of each other throughout 5 wk of storage. The pH of the yogurts containing the aqueous myrrh suspension was not significantly different from that of the control yogurts, and their pH values were within 0.1 pH unit of each other in any given week. Titratable acidity values remained steady around 1.1 to 1.2% lactic acid for both yogurt types throughout the storage period, with no significant differences between them. Yogurt culture bacteria can survive in the presence of a myrrh suspension in yogurt with no significant change in pH or titratable acidity. Therefore, it may be beneficial to add an aqueous myrrh suspension to yogurt.
for all the support and encouragement during the challenging times of my graduate studies. I am grateful for my lab mates Dorra Djebbi-Simmons and Mohammed Alhejaili who were there to guide and help me in my research work. I am thankful for Dr. Kathryn Fontenot, Mary Sexton, and Austin Wong for planting the strawberries for this study. I also thank the staff at the LSU AgCenter Botanic Gardens for all their help during fieldwork study. I would especially like to acknowledge my loving friends Kriza Calumba, Bennett Dzandu, and Johana Coronel for their continuous encouragement, motivation, and for their everlasting friendship. I would like to thank all the faculties of the School of Nutrition and Food Sciences at LSU for their support. Gratitude is also given to my parents for coming all the way from Sri Lanka to give me a helping hand in taking good care of my kids and by showering their unconditional love in my absence. They also helped me navigate through late night research experiments and weekend study. A very special thanks to my loving kids Aiza and Adeeb for patiently waiting until I complete graduate school so we can have ample happy family times together. Lastly, my deepest appreciation goes to my best friend who is also my loving husband Zowril Razik for his encouragement, determination, love, care, and patience. My academic achievements belong to him, if not for his faithful support and commitment I will not be able to come this far in accomplishing my graduate studies. This thesis was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service through grant Agreement 2000241666. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the USDA.
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis globally. HuNoV outbreaks have been recently reported during air travels. Contaminated surfaces are known as a critical transmission route at various settings. The aim of this study was to provide key information about the survival and the decontamination of HuNoV on three commonly touched airplane cabin surfaces. In this study, we monitored the survival of HuNoV on seat leather, plastic tray table, and seatbelt for 30 days, with and without additional organic load (simulated gastric fluid). The efficacy of two EPA registered anti-norovirus disinfectants were also evaluated. Results showed that HuNoV was detected at high titers (>4 log 10 genomic copy number) for up to 30 days when additional organic load was present. Both tested disinfectants were found highly ineffective against HuNoV when the surface was soiled. The study showed that when the organic load was present, HuNoV was highly stable and resistant against disinfectants. Findings from this study indicated that appropriate procedures should be developed by airline companies with the help of public health authorities to decrease passengers' exposure risk to HuNoV.
Myrrh, commercially available as a brown powder, is a natural flavoring substance approved for food use by US Food and Drug Administration and has antibacterial and antifungal activity against pathogens. The objective was to determine the effect of myrrh on the color (L*, a*, b*, C*, h*) and viscosity of yogurt over refrigerated storage. Myrrh dispersion was prepared and incorporated at a 1% v/v level into yogurt. A control with no myrrh was also prepared. Three replications were conducted. At a usage level of 1% v/v, myrrh influenced the color attributes L*, a* and h* but did not influence the viscosity of the plain yogurts.
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