Background: Effective root canal treatment involves cleaning and shaping root canals using a range of instrumentation procedures and techniques. The aim of this review was to provide an update on root canal hand instrumentation techniques and how to overcome iatrogenic errors. Purpose: Purpose of this review was to provide an update on root canal hand instrumentation techniques commonly used in endodontics, including how to overcome iatrogenic errors and optimize the quality of endodontic treatment outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive search was carried out using multiple databases, PubMed, Medline, Google scholar, and Scopus, to identify relevant studies addressing the objective of this study and to summarize the current evidence to readers. Results: The hybrid technique is a commonly used approach that combines the benefits of both the crown-down and step-back techniques and was reported to be one of the best techniques to produce an optimal root canal preparation outcome. Hand-instrument manipulation using the balanced forced technique is also favored as it rapidly and safely permits removal of canal contents allowing irritants and medications to reach deep inside canal spaces. Conclusion: The use of hand files is still recommended for initial canal negotiation and preparation and is essential for the correction of procedural errors. This study provided an update on several hand instrumentation techniques commonly used in endodontics. The correct and safe application of these techniques can prevent iatrogenic procedural errors from occurring which optimizes the quality of treatment outcome.
Context Although the principles of infection prevention and control remain unchanged, new technologies,materials, equipment and updated data require continuous evaluation of current infection control practicesandcontinuouseducationfor theoralhealthteam. Scope This policy statement provides the basic principles of infection prevention and control. More detailedinformationcanbefound inthe referencesandinrelevant legislation. Definitions Infection prevention and control (IPC): scientific approach and practical solution designed topreventharmcausedby infectiontopatientsand healthworkers. Standardprecautions:Guidelinesforthepreventionoftransmittablediseasesincludingnosocomialinfection.Standardprecautionscombineuniversalprecautionsandbody-substanceprecautionsforallpatientsregardlessof diagnosisor possible infectiousstatus. Principles It is the responsibility of dentists to establish a protocol that prevents or limits the spread ofinfectionindentalpracticefortheirpatients,theirstaffandthem-selves.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyfollowingthe recommendedinfectioncontrolworkpractice procedures. PolicyFDIsupportsthefollowingstatements: Recommendations,guidelinesandregulationsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwiththedentalprofession. • Recommendations, guidelines and laws affecting standard precautions required of dental practices must beevidence-based or based on international best practices and receive adequate financial compensation for theadditionalcoststhatareincurred. • Local/regional dental associations should educate the public on the importance of proper infection controlin the dental office, the effectiveness of such recommended procedures and consequently the absence of asignificant riskofcontractingtransmittable diseasesthrough theprovisionofdentalcare. • Dentaleducatorsmustincorporatecurrentinfectionpreventionandcontrolrecommendationsinhealthcare settings into the curriculum and during clinical activities. This should include a blame-free criticalincidentreportingandlearningsystem.
Estimates show that the prevalence of mandibular dental anterior crowding is high and might be up to 40%. The etiology of the condition has been multifactorial and evidence regarding the impact of mandibular third molars is still controversial. We discussed the potential role that impacted teeth (particularly mandibular third molars) might have in developing dental arch crowding. Evidence from different original studies and reviews regarding the impact of lower third molars on dental crowding was controversial. However, most of these studies showed that the correlation between these events was insignificant and additional studies might be needed for further validation. We have also identified many factors that can lead to dental arch crowding among the relevant studies in the literature. These factors might include general factors (including gender and age), skeletal factors (including malocclusion and growth of jaws) and dental factors (including primary tooth loss and tooth crown size), all of which were extensively discussed in the current study. Accordingly, further attention should also be paid to studying these factors.
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