BackgroundAgricultural pesticides may play a profound role in selection of resistance in field populations of mosquito vectors. The objective of this study is to investigate possible links between agricultural pesticide use and development of resistance to insecticides by the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in northern Sudan. Methodology/Principal FindingsEntomological surveys were conducted during two agricultural seasons in six urban and peri-urban sites in Khartoum state. Agro-sociological data were collected from 240 farmers subjected to semi-structured questionnaires based on knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) surveys. Susceptibility status of An. arabiensis (n=6000) was assessed in all sites and during each season using WHO bioassay tests to DDT, deltamethrin, permethrin, Malathion and bendiocarb. KAP analysis revealed that pesticide application was common practice among both urban and peri-urban farmers, with organophosphates and carbamates most commonly used. Selection for resistance is likely to be greater in peri-urban sites where farmers apply pesticide more frequently and are less likely to dispose of surpluses correctly. Though variable among insecticides and seasons, broad-spectrum mortality was slightly, but significantly higher in urban than peri-urban sites and most marked for bendiocarb, to which susceptibility was lowest. Anopheles arabiensis from all sites showed evidence of resistance or suspected resistance, especially pyrethroids. However, low-moderate frequencies of the L1014F kdr allele in all sites, which was very strongly associated with DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin survivorship (OR=6.14-14.67) suggests that resistance could increase rapidly. ConclusionsUbiquitous multiple-resistance coupled with presence of a clear mechanism for DDT and pyrethroids (kdr L1014F) in populations of An. arabiensis from Khartoum-Sudan suggests careful insecticide management is essential to prolong efficacy. Our findings are consistent with agricultural insecticide use as a source of selection for resistance and argue for coordination between the integrated vector control program and the Ministry of Agriculture to permit successful implementation of rational resistance management strategies.

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The notion of differential geometry is known to have played a fundamental role in unifying aspects of the physics of particles and fields, and have completely transformed the study of classical mechanics.In this paper we applied the definitions and concepts which we defined and derived in part (I) of our paper: Types of Derivatives: Concepts and Applications to problems arising in Geometry and Fluid Mechanics using exterior calculus. We analyzed this problem, using the geometrical formulation which is global and free of coordinates.

Introduction: Acute Respiratory illness in developing countries is one of the major cause of mortality and morbidity among under five children with more than 7 million deaths every year worldwide. Most prevalent illnesses of childhood include acute respiratory tract infections, malnutrition and diarrhoeal diseases in the middle and low-income countries. Aim: Aim of the study is to find out the change in level of knowledge, attitude and practice of parents after receiving health education from their school going children. Methods: A government aided higher secondary school from rural health training center of KIMS Karad was selected with the permission of headmaster of school for the study. From the school 9 th standard and their mothers were study populations which were selected by applying above exclusion criteria. A pre-structured and pretested questionnaire was used to get the information regarding definition, causes, signs, symptoms, treatment, prevention respiratory infections etc. Intervention is carried to with posttest of both students and mothers. Results: Poor and average KAP regarding Acute Respiratory Infections among children had significantly increased to Good after giving Health Education and demonstration to study group children compared to control group to whom these sessions were not conducted. Even KAP of mothers of children for whom sessions were conducted had increased significantly, from poor to good, in comparison with mothers of children for whom sessions were not conducted. Conclusion: A appropriate and holistic health education on the causation, symptoms, signs, its prevention can help in early identification of the ante respiratory diseases and hence health seeking behavior. Hence children especially the school going children can be used as an effective tool to transmit health education among the families and communities.

80% of the epilepsy patients were resides in developing countries. 12 million patients with epilepsy were in India that is One-sixth of the global burden is due to epilepsy. Those diseases were treated properly there is a greater reduction in seizure and people may leads to proper life, if untreated that may become a large increase in burden. Drugs are the main treatment for epilepsy. As compared with conventional AEDs newer drugs are much expensive some newer drugs were 10 to 20 times costlier than older drugs. if those expensive drugs reduce the seizure events, improves the quality of life and with lesser ADRs then the benefit justify the higher cost of the drug. The epilepsy burden can be reduced mainly by giving epilepsy care at low cost, given the lack of expertise in the management of epilepsy in poor areas.