With demand for gasoline and diesel expected to decline in the near future, crude-tochemicals technologies have the potential to become the most important processes in the petrochemical industry. This trend has triggered intense research into the optimization of current refining processes to maximize the production of light olefins and aromatics at the expense of fuels. Although attractive, this approach has shown certain limitations and calls for disruptive processes able to directly transform crude to chemicals in a more efficient and environmentally friendly way. Here we propose a new reactor concept consisting of a multi-zone fluidized bed (MZFB) along with a new catalyst formulation able to perform several refining steps in one single reactor vessel. The MZFB configuration allows for in situ catalyst stripping and regeneration, while the incorporation of silicon carbide during catalyst shaping via spray drying confers this new catalyst formulation with improved physical, mechanical and heat transport properties. As a result, we demonstrate that, using this reactor-catalyst combination, it is possible to achieve stable direct
Maximizing the production of petrochemicals from crude oil at the expense of fuels is among the most important targets for refiners. In this conversion, catalyst composition and formulation play a key role. Here we present a thorough study of the effect of formulated FCC catalyst composition on the one‐step cracking of Arabian light crude oil. Our results demonstrate that over a 35 wt. % yield to light olefins can be achieved on spray‐dried catalysts containing 1 : 1 mixtures of ZSM‐5 and FAU zeolites (alongside binder and clay). Coke deposition and catalyst deactivation can be correlated to the nature and content of each zeolite component.
The CO2 (dry) reforming of hydrocarbons offers an opportunity to convert greenhouse gases into synthesis gas, which can further transform to various valued products. Here we explore the influence of Rh particle size and support on the reforming of propane and methane. To that end, Rh nanoparticles with controlled sizes varying from 1.6‐8.0 nm were synthesized following a polyol reduction method and then dispersed on three different solids: CeZrO2, ZrO2, and CeO2. Catalytic turnover rates along with advanced characterization of fresh and spent catalysts reveal a linear correlation of turnover rates with Rh particle size for both methane and propane reforming. The nature and rate of coke deposition are highly dependent on the support used and its interaction with the metallic phase.
The novel coronavirus-19 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected numerous individuals worldwide, resulting in millions of fatalities. The pandemic spread with high mortality rates in multiple waves, leaving others with moderate to severe symptoms. Co-morbidity variables, including hypertension, diabetes, and immunosuppression, have exacerbated the severity of COVID-19. In addition, numerous efforts have been made to comprehend the pathogenic and host variables that contribute to COVID-19 susceptibility and pathogenesis. One of these endeavours is understanding the host genetic factors predisposing an individual to COVID-19. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have demonstrated the host predisposition factors in different populations. These factors are involved in the appropriate immune response, their imbalance influences susceptibility or resistance to viral infection. This review investigated the host genetic components implicated at the various stages of viral pathogenesis, including viral entry, pathophysiological alterations, and immunological responses. In addition, the recent and most updated genetic variations associated with multiple host factors affecting COVID-19 pathogenesis are described in the study.
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