Background: Cognitive models propose that attentional dysregulation, including an attentional bias towards threat, is one of the factors through which chronic pain and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) maintain and exacerbate one another. The current investigation assessed the attentional bias for painful facial expressions and its relationship with PTSS, using both traditional and variability-based attentional bias measures, among veterans with chronic pain and PTSS and controls. Method: Fifty-four veterans with chronic pain and 30 age/education-matched controls participated in this investigation. Participants completed a self-report measure of PTSS and a modified version of the dot-probe task with painful, happy, and neutral facial expressions. Attention was assessed using both traditional and variability-based reaction time measures of attentional bias. Results: Veterans directed attention away from painful facial expressions (i.e., avoidance) relative to both the control group (between-subject effect) and relative to neutral faces (withinsubject effect). Veterans also showed significantly elevated attentional bias variability for both happy and painful facial expressions compared to controls. Attentional bias variability for happy and painful facial expressions was correlated with PTSS among all participants. Conclusion: Veterans with chronic pain and PTSS avoided pain-related stimuli and displayed an overall attentional dysregulation for emotional facial expressions. Avoidance of pain cues may be a coping strategy that these individuals develop under stressful conditions. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Nowadays, the use of celebrity endorsement in product marketing and advertising is one of the major factors in companies' promotion strategies. Celebrities as one of the major tools in advertising can lead to encourage consumers to use specific products and corporate loyalty because of their special and unique abilities or characteristics.Study result show that the celebrity endorsement has a positive effect on corporate image, corporate credibility and corporate loyalty. Moreover corporate image have a positive effect on corporate credibility and corporate credibility have a positive effect on corporate loyalty.
SummaryAims: One important factor in disaster relief is to maintain mental health in the victims. Therefore, this study was designed and conducted with the aim of investigating social support available to earthquake victims in East Azerbaijan, a province of Iran.
Materials and Methods:This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample included earthquake victims in the city of Ahar and its neighboring villages in East Azerbaijan Province. A sample size of 300 was estimated based on a Krejcie-Morgan table. Data collection tools were a sociodemographic questionnaire and the MOS Social Support Survey (social support scale). An independent t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient statistical tests were used for data analysis.
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