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This paper examines the twin issues of spatiality and persistence in the individual income tax evasion decision. The issue of persistence arises through accumulated learning over time; spatiality arises for several reasons, including the exchange of information between taxpayers, the social norm of tax compliance, and the diffi culties faced by individuals with dynamic stochastic decision problems like tax evasion. The paper uses state-level, time-series, cross-section data for the years 1979 to 1997 to estimate the factors that affect per return evasion of the individual income tax. The estimation methods incorporate both spatial dependence and dynamic considerations; they also consider the potential endogeneity of the audit rate. The empirical results provide strong and robust support for both spatiality and persistence in tax evasion. The results also show a large deterrent effect from higher audit rates.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

Keamanan informasi merupakan hal penting yang harus diperhatikan bagi setiap individu maupun instansi supaya terhindar dari tindakan kejahatan. Sistem informasi yang kurang baik dapat mengancam infrastruktur penting suatu organisasi. Masalah kerentanan atau gangguan keamanan sistem banyak bertebaran di internet. Masalah tersebut dapat berupa serangan Malware, Eksploitasi, atau Injeksi database. Solusi pengamanan web dari gangguan atau serangan hacker dapat dilakukan dengan cara self test yaitu pengujian yang dilakukan terhadap web secara legal dengan aktifitas menyerupai hacker. Deteksi sejak dini kelemahan suatu sistem merupakan solusi awal dalam pengamanan suatu sistem. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan sebuah analisis terhadap kerentanan sebuah sistem yang mengacu kepada standarisasi kemanan Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Versi 4 dengan kombinasi beberapa tools security. Analisis kerentanan aplikasi berbasis web dengan teknik OWASP versi 4 dengan beberapa bantuan tools security mampu mengetahui tingkat keamanan suatu aplikasi berdasarkan hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan dimana hampir setiap kategori pengujian mampu menemukan kerentanan, meskipun ada beberapa kategori yang tidak ada celah kerentanan

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Manure compost is a type of organic fertilizer derived from animal feces. Even though compost has a slow-release nature, it can be a good alternative to chemical fertilizers. The addition of Trichoderma sp. as a decomposer microorganism can accelerate nutrient availability. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the combined application of different types of manure compost and doses of Trichoderma sp. on the growth performance, yield as well as stem rot disease incidence of shallot (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum). The study was carried out using a split-plot design (P 0.05) with the types of manure compost as the main plot with five levels (no compost, cattle manure, chicken manure, goat manure, and petrogenic compost), and different doses of Trichoderma as subplots with three levels (no Trichoderma, 200 kg ha-1, and 400 kg ha-1). In general, the combined application of manure compost and Trichoderma significantly increased growth performance and yield of shallot compared to no compost (B0) and Trichoderma (T0). However, no differences were observed between manure compost and the addition of Trichoderma. Growth performance of shallots grown in soil amended with cattle manure compost was better compared to the other treatments. The use of 5 t ha-1 cattle manure compost combined with 400 kg ha-1 Trichoderma increased yield by 10.02 t ha-1 and reduced stem rot diseases incidence by 0.67%.

This paper assesses the profitability and productivity of the knitwear industry in Bangladesh taking into account the sector's role in poverty reduction. Using firmlevel data collected in 2001, rate of return and total factor productivity were used to gauge the extent and determinants of the profitability of the industry. In addition, stochastic frontier analysis was used to assess variability in productivity. The estimation results indicate high profitability of the knitwear firms on average. In Bangladesh, the dynamic development of the industry has entailed great diversity in efficiency in comparison with the garment industries of other developing countries. Although there is a significant scale effect in profitability and productivity, no supporting evidence was found for the positive impact on competitiveness of industrial upgrading in terms of usage of expensive machinery, vertical integration, and industrial agglomeration.d eve_089 340..366