The effect of using water containing micro‐nano bubbles (WMNB) without adding any admixtures and normal water (NW) on the mechanical properties of cement mortar and concrete samples were investigated. Four various water to cement ratios equal to 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, and 0.35 (ranging from conventional concrete to high strength concrete), and three different curing ages of 7, 28, and 90 days were considered. The experimental results showed that the initial and final setting time of cement paste, the flow of hydraulic cement mortar and the slump of concrete samples made with WMNB were lower than that of made with NW. However, the compressive strength of cement mortar in using WMNB indicated an increase up to 16 and 7% in at 7 and 28 days, respectively. We also concluded that the optimum percentage of water to cement ratio was 0.35, which in that ratio the compressive strength enhancement of concrete made of WMNB reached the peak of 6, 18.3, and 16.3% at 7, 28, and 90 days age, respectively. Whereas increasing water to cement ratio, resulted in reducing the compressive strength of concrete. Besides, the high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy images with Energy Dispersive X‐Ray analysis were briefly conducted to explore the morphological change.
With water scarcity posing an ever‐present worldwide crisis, treated wastewater usage as an alternative to fresh water could be a smart choice and contribute to a sustainable construction industry. Numerous studies have been conducted by using treated domestic or industrial wastewater in concrete production, providing a promising solution to the global water shortage and wastewater management. However, the effectiveness of wastewater on the concrete manufacturing in comparison to pure freshwater has been a concern due to its impurities and contaminants. The results derived from previously published studies on concrete manufacturing with wastewater vary as a consequence of considerate different additives, curing age, treatment method, or wastewater quality. This review compiles and compares the previous investigations on physical and mechanical properties, durability characteristics, and morphological assessments of manufactured concrete with treated wastewater, and discusses the reasons for similarities and differences. Research findings and conclusions from the literature are summarized, and future research directions based on the research gaps are also recommended.
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