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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and numerous recent findings suggest that several pathologic signs, including loss of muscle strength and mass, are also detected in these patients. In the present study, we evaluated muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), myonuclear number, satellite cell (SC) content, and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) types in an animal model of AD and examined the possible role of resistance training in controlling skeletal muscle size in this disease. Fifty-eight male rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy-control (H-C), healthy-exercise (H-Ex), Alzheimer-control (A-C), and Alzheimer-exercise (A-Ex). AD was induced by the single injection of 1–42 amyloid into the CA1 region of the hippocampus (1 μl/site). The rats in H-Ex and A-Ex groups performed a 5-week resistance training period (17 sessions). The results indicated that AD induces significant skeletal muscle atrophy and reduces the myonuclear number and SC content in gastrocnemius muscle in both whole muscle cross-sections and isolated myofibers. Interestingly, we did not find any significant differences in the different MyHC distributions of AD animals compared with controls, while resistance training significantly increased the CSA of MyHC IIb fibers in both AD and healthy animals. Altogether, these observations suggest that the skeletal muscle of AD animals are more prone to atrophy and loss of myonuclear number and satellite cell content, while resistance training successfully restores these impairments.

Background and Objectives Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes and no suitable drug treatment has been found for this complication. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of six weeks of aerobic exercise on KIF1B protein in the sensory part of the spinal cord in rats with diabetic neuropathy. Subjects and Methods In the present experimental study, 12 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: healthy exercise, control exercise, healthy diabetes and control diabetes. The training program included 6 weeks of running training on the treadmill in 5 sessions per week. The dorsal part of the spinal cord was analyzed as sensory neurons. Results The results showed that aerobic exercise significantly reduced blood glucose in the diabetic group compared to the control diabetes group (P=0.002), but no significant difference was observed in the weight of rats. The results also showed that a significant increase (P=0.044) in KIF1B in healthy exercise group compared to healthy control group and a significant increase (P=0.027) in KIF1B in diabetic exercise group compared to control diabetes. Conclusion The results showed that aerobic exercise increases the amount of KIF1B protein in healthy and diabetic rats, and this increase in KIF1B motor protein can improve axonal transmission and thus improve nerve function.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and numerous recent findings suggest that several pathologic signs, including loss of muscle strength and mass, are also detected in these patients. In the present study, we evaluated muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), myonuclear number, satellite cell (SC) content, and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) types in an animal model of AD and examined the possible role of resistance training in controlling skeletal muscle size in this disease. Fifty-eight male rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy-control (H-C), healthy-exercise (H-Ex), Alzheimer-control (A-C), and Alzheimer-exercise (A-Ex). AD was induced by the single injection of 1–42 amyloid into the CA1 region of the hippocampus (1 µl/site). The rats in H-Ex and A-Ex groups performed a 5-week resistance training period (17 sessions). The results indicated that AD induces significant skeletal muscle atrophy and reduces the myonuclear number and SC content in gastrocnemius muscle. Interestingly, we did not find any significant differences in the different MyHC distributions of AD animals compared with controls, while resistance training significantly increased the CSA of MyHC IIb fibers in both AD and healthy animals. Altogether, these observations suggest that the skeletal muscle of AD animals are more prone to atrophy and loss of myonuclear number and satellite cell content, while resistance training successfully restores these impairments.

Background and Purpose: One of the most important methods to cope with obesity metabolic disorder is to do exercise activities that are both effective as a prevention and treatment. Since the expression of adipogenic genes such as Retinoblastoma-1 (RB1) and Retinoblastoma like-1 (RBL-1) proteins are effective in adipogenesis, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of various intensities of aerobic training on the expression of RB1 and RBL-1 genes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats (eight weeks old and weight: 237 ± 33 grams) were randomly divided into four equal groups: control, high intensity training (HIT), Moderate-intensity training (MIT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The treadmill training protocols consisted of eight weeks, so that the HIT training consisted of running at a speed of 20 meters per minute or with an intensity of 65% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), with a gradual increasing slope for 30 minutes. MIT training consisted of running at 65% VO2max for 37 minutes and HIIT training consisting of four bouts of high-intensity intervals with four minutes running at 90 to 100% VO2max and four bouts of low-intensity intervals with three minutes running at 50 to 60% VO2max (28 minutes in total). 24 hours after the last training session, the animals were sacrificed and their subcutaneous fat tissue was removed and gene expression was measured by RT-PCR. The obtained data were analyzed due to lack of natural distribution using Kruskal-wallis test and Bonferoni post hoc test through SPSS statistical software version 24 And significance level was considered P < 0.05. Results:The results of the present study showed that the expression of RB1 gene was significantly reduced only in the MIT group compared to the control group (P = 0.027). Also, RBL-1 gene expression was significantly lower only in the HIT group than in the control group (P = 0.028). Conclusion:Since in this study only MIT and HIT aerobic exercises with 65% VO2max intensity could reduce the expression of RB1 and RBL-1 genes, the use of this type of exercise to improve metabolic disorders and inhibit adipogenesis is recommended.